( 12 ) United States Patent
`Horst et al .
`
`US 10,975,351 B2
`( 10 ) Patent No .:
`Apr. 13 , 2021
`( 45 ) Date of Patent :
`
`USO10975351B2
`
`( 54 ) BOS TAURUS VARIETY JE840003146074527
`AND METHODS OF USE THEROF
`( 71 ) Applicant : ABS Global , Inc. , DeForest , WI ( US )
`( 72 ) Inventors : Aaron Horst , Chambersburg , PA ( US ) ;
`Katrina Dattilo , Waunakee , WI ( US ) ;
`Devan Funk , DeForest , WI ( US )
`( 73 ) Assignee : ABS Global , Inc. , DeForest , WI ( US )
`Subject to any disclaimer , the term of this
`( * ) Notice :
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`U.S.C. 154 ( b ) by 6 days .
`( 21 ) Appl . No .: 16 / 443,418
`( 22 ) Filed :
`Jun . 17 , 2019
`( 65 )
`Prior Publication Data
`Dec. 17 , 2020
`US 2020/0390089 A1
`
`( 51 )
`
`( 52 )
`
`( 58 )
`
`( 56 )
`
`Int . Cl .
`C12N 5/071
`AOIN 1/02
`C12N 5/076
`A61D 19/02
`C12N 5/075
`A01K 67/027
`U.S. CI .
`CPC
`
`( 2010.01 )
`( 2006.01 )
`( 2010.01 )
`( 2006.01 )
`( 2010.01 )
`( 2006.01 )
`
`C12N 5/0602 ( 2013.01 ) ; A01K 67/027
`( 2013.01 ) ; AOIN 1/0268 ( 2013.01 ) ; A61D
`19/024 ( 2013.01 ) ; C12N 5/061 ( 2013.01 ) ;
`C12N 5/0609 ( 2013.01 ) ; AO1K 2227/101
`( 2013.01 ) ; C12N 2517/00 ( 2013.01 )
`Field of Classification Search
`A01K 67/027 ; A01K 2227/101 ; C12N
`CPC ......
`5/0602 , C12N 5/061 ; C12N 5/0609
`See application file for complete search history .
`References Cited
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`6,011,197 A
`9,868,962 B2
`2003/0157475 A1
`
`1/2000 Strelchenko et al .
`1/2018 May et al .
`8/2003 Schenk
`
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`WO 2015/148761
`10/2015
`8/2017
`WO 2017/132239
`
`WO
`WO
`
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`Printout from CDCB get cow evaluation . Queries.uscdcb.com . p .
`1-1 , printed Jan. 13 , 2020 ( Year : 2020 ) . *
`
`Hinch et al . Science 363 , 1300 ( 2019 ) pp . 1-10 ( Year : 2019 ) . *
`Printout from plant variety | InforMEA . https://www.informea.org/
`en / terms / plant - variety . Printed Jan. 8 , 2020. pp . 3 of 3 ( Year :
`2020 ) . *
`Ruiz Rejon . Clones : Identical but Different . Dec. 29 , 2014. Printed
`from https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/science/bioscience/clones
`different / pp . 1-5 . ( Year : 2014 ) . *
`Burkard et al . , “ Precision engineering for PRRSV resistance in pigs :
`Macrophages from genome edited pigs lacking CD 163 SRCR5
`domain are fully resistant to both PRRSV genotypes while main
`taining biological function , ” PLOS Pathogens 13 ( 2 ) ( 2017 ) .
`Park , et al . , “ Role of stem cells in large animal genetic engineering
`in the TALENS - CRISPR era , ” Reprod Fertil Dev 26 : 65-73 ( 2014 ) .
`Park et al . , “ Generation of germline ablated male pigs by CRISPR /
`Cas9 editing of the NANOS2 gene , ” Scientific Reports ( 2017 ) .
`Ross et al . , “ Bovine Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer , ” Methods Mol
`Biol . 636. 155-77 ( 2010 ) .
`Whitworth et al . , “ Use of the CRISPR / Cas9 System to Produce
`Genetically Engineered Pigs from In Vitro - Derived Oocytes and
`Embryos , ” Biology of Reproduction 91 ( 3 ) : 78 ( 2014 ) .
`Generation Count 3 or GC 4-6 with BBR 93 and Lower : Top
`Females by Genomic JPITM ( GJPI ) Dec. 2018 published by the
`American Jersey Cattle association at https : //greenbook.usjersey .
`com / Portals / 2 / 2018 / December / Monthly12to3 / 1218_Top500.pdf
`( retrieved Jun . 19 , 2019 ) ( See No. 20 ) .
`Performance and Progeny Report for JE840003136549962 , first
`available Mar. 7 , 2017 , retrieved from https://queries.uscdcb.com/
`CAevalfiles.htm on Jun . 19 , 2019 .
`Performance and Progeny Report for JE840003140305947 , first
`available May 9 , 2017 , retrieved from https://queries.uscdcb.com/
`CAevalfiles.htm on Jun . 19 , 2019 .
`Performance and Progeny Report for JE840003146074527 , first
`available Oct. 16 , 2018 , retrieved from https://queries.uscdcb.com/
`CAevalfiles.htm on Jun . 19 , 2019 .
`Allen A.R. , et al . , 2010 , Compilation of a panel of informative
`single nucleotide polymorphisms for bovine identification in the
`Northern Irish cattle population . BMC Genetics 2010 , 11 : 5 .
`* cited by examiner
`Primary Examiner Marcia S Noble
`( 74 ) Attorney , Agent , or Firm Elizabeth A. Epstein ;
`Michael Stimson
`
`( 57 )
`ABSTRACT
`The disclosure relates to Bovine germplasm of Bos taurus
`variety JE840003146074527 . Included in the present dis
`closure
`cells comprising the Bovine variety
`are
`JE840003146074527 . Also provided by the present disclo
`sure are tissue cultures of cells , animals obtained from said
`cells , and parts thereof , including F1 spermatozoa . The
`disclosure further provides for methods of breeding , select
`ing , and using the germplasm to improve existing commer
`cial cattle herds generated from in vitro fertilization methods
`and progeny cattle obtained from in vitro fertilization and
`implantation and artificial insemination methods .
`30 Claims , No Drawings
`
`Exhibit 1002
`Select Sires, et al. v. ABS Global
`
`

`

`US 10,975,351 B2
`
`50
`
`1
`BOS TAURUS VARIETY ‘ JE840003146074527
`AND METHODS OF USE THEROF
`
`2
`isolated for in vitro fertilization . In various configurations ,
`the oocyte can be matured into an ovum .
`In some embodiments , a Bos taurus cell produced by
`somatic cell nuclear transfer of a genome can comprise Bos
`FIELD
`5 taurus variety Animal , a representative sample of Animal
`comprising the Deposit . In some configurations , the Bos
`The present disclosure relates to the field of Bos taurus
`taurus cell can further comprise a plurality of the cell
`breeding . In particular , the present disclosure related to Bos
`comprising a frozen vial of the plurality of the cell , a cell
`taurus variety JE840003146074527 having high multi - trait
`culture , a tissue , a zygote , an embryo , a calf , or a mature
`selection indices and high trait transmissibility .
`10 adult . In various configurations , the Bos taurus cell can
`further comprise a plurality of the cell comprising a cow or
`BACKGROUND
`heifer . In various configurations , the genome of variety
`Animal can comprise at least one edited gene .
`There are numerous steps in the development of any new ,
`In some embodiments , the present teachings provide for
`desirable Bos taurus germplasm . Bos taurus breeding begins
`with the analysis and definition of problems and weaknesses 15 an include a Bos taurus cell from an F1 offspring of an
`animal of variety Animal , a representative sample of Animal
`of the current germplasm , the establishment of program
`comprising the Deposit . In various configurations , the Bos
`goals , and the definition of specific breeding objectives . The
`taurus cell from an F1 offspring cell can further comprise a
`next step is selection of germplasm that possesses the traits
`plurality of cells comprising meat . In various configurations ,
`to meet the program goals . A goal is to combine in a single 20 the Bos taurus cell from an F1 offspring can further com
`variety an improved combination of desirable traits from the
`prise a plurality of the cell comprising a frozen vial of the
`parental germplasm . See Schefers et al . , Animal Frontiers
`plurality of the cell , a cell culture , a tissue , a zygote , an
`2 ( 1 ) : 1-9 ( 2012 ) .
`embryo , a calf , or a mature adult . In various configurations ,
`During breeding , cattle breeders have a variety of sources
`the Bos taurus cell from an F1 offspring can further com
`when making breeding decisions . In addition to genomic 25 prise a plurality of the cell comprising a bull . In various
`data , a number of agencies and organizations collect and
`configurations , the Bos taurus cell from an F1 offspring can
`release analysis of population data and indexes . Every three
`further comprise a plurality of the cell comprising a cow or
`months , the Animal Improvement Programs Laboratory
`heifer . In various configurations , the offspring can be con
`( AIPL ) of the United States Department of Agriculture
`ceived using in vitro fertilization . In various configurations ,
`releases the newest USDA - DHIA ( Dairy Herd Improvement 30 the offspring can be conceived by artificial insemination of
`Association ) genetic evaluations for dairy bulls and cows .
`a superovulated cow or heifer . In various configurations , the
`The AIPL calculates genetic evaluations for type for various
`offspring can be conceived by in vitro fertilization of an
`breeds , and many breed associations provide their own
`ovum obtained from a superovulated cow or heifer . In
`indexes or other strategies for evaluating certain breed-
`various configurations , the offspring is gestated by a surro
`relevant traits . U.S. dairy genetic evaluations are computed 35 gate animal . In various configurations , the F1 offspring can
`every four months by the Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding
`be a gene edited animal .
`( CDCB ) and American Jersey Cattle Association ( AJCA ) .
`In various configurations , the Bos taurus cell from an F1
`Both CDCB and AJCA traits provide the breeder with
`offspring can be a haploid cell . In some configurations , the
`important comparative data to evaluate the complex genetic
`cell can be a gamete . In some configurations , the cell can be
`and phenotypic traits to develop improved and desirable Bos 40 an ovum . In various configurations , the cell can be a sperm .
`taurus germplasm . For Holstein and Jersey sires , for
`In some configurations , the Bos taurus sperm can further
`example , evaluations are genomically enhanced and repre-
`comprise a plurality of sperm comprising semen . In some
`sent a blending of genomic data , pedigree information , and
`configurations , the semen can be contained in a straw . In
`results from progeny . These genetic evaluations provide the
`some configurations , the semen can be cryopreserved . In
`breeder with important information for the selection of 45 various configurations , the haploid cell can comprise at least
`desirable germplasm and the development of new and
`one edited gene .
`valuable inseminates .
`There is a continuous need to develop improved Bos
`DETAILED DESCRIPTION
`taurus germplasm for use in improving production herds as
`well as for the continued improvement of elite animals .
`A goal of a Bos taurus breeding program is to combine in
`a single Bos taurus variety an improved combination of
`desirable traits from the parental germplasm that provides
`SUMMARY
`for desirable progeny when used in artificial insemination
`programs , in vitro fertilization programs , Embryo transfer
`The present disclosure provides for and includes elite Bos
`taurus germplasm . In various embodiments of the present 55 programs , or a combination thereof . Improved Bos taurus
`teachings can provide for a Bos taurus cell of variety
`inseminate varieties are useful for various artificial breeding
`Animal , a representative sample of which comprises the
`techniques , including artificial insemination ( " AI " ) and
`Deposit . In some configurations , the Bos taurus cell can
`embryo transfer ( “ ET ” ) . Improved Bos taurus germplasm ,
`further comprise a plurality of the cell comprising a frozen
`varieties , oocytes , embryos , and inseminates prepared there
`vial of the plurality of the cell , a cell culture , a tissue , a 60 from , are desirable .
`zygote , an embryo , a calf , or a mature adult . In various
`The present disclosure provides for , and includes , an
`configurations , the Bos taurus cell can further comprise a
`improved elite germplasm obtained from a multigenera
`plurality of the cell comprising a cow or heifer . In various
`tional breeding program . The germplasm is unique and
`configurations , the Bos taurus cell can be an oocyte or an
`readily distinguishable from germplasm present in non
`ova matured therefrom . In some configurations , the oocyte 65 selected cattle . Indeed , in the absence of continued selection ,
`or ova can be an isolated oocyte or an isolated ova matured
`the germplasm reverts to heterogeneity and diversity . As
`therefrom . In some configurations , the oocyte or ova is
`provided herein , the germplasm of the present disclosure is
`
`Exhibit 1002
`Select Sires, et al. v. ABS Global
`
`

`

`US 10,975,351 B2
`
`3
`4
`can be maintained . Even further , careful selection of elite
`identifiable using standard methods and the germplasm can
`be readily identified in progeny generations .
`breeding partners results in elite progeny .
`As used herein , “ gamete ” refers to a haploid germ cell and
`It is to be understood that the disclosure is not necessarily
`includes either a sperm or an ovum and may be used
`limited in its application to the details set forth in the
`following description or exemplified by the Examples . The 5 interchangeably . Generally , the identity as a sperm or an
`ovum can be determined by the context as bulls produce
`disclosure is capable of other aspects or of being practiced
`sperm and cows produce ova . For the purposes of this
`or carried out in various ways .
`disclosure the term “ sperm ” means the haploid cell that is
`the gamete of a male animal which may join an egg ( also
`Definitions
`10 referred to as “ ovum ” ) to produce a zygote and broadly
`encompasses infertile sperm , sperm having a comparably
`“ Animal ” as used herein , refers to cells , animals , or
`lesser or a comparably greater fertility between a first
`particularly gametes and embryos of Bos taurus variety
`amount of sperm obtained from a first animal and a second
`JE840003146074527 .
`The
`terms
`“ Animal ”
`and
`amount of sperm obtained from a second animal and which
`“ JE840003146074527 " are used interchangeably without
`15 may be obtained in the form of a raw ejaculated semen ,
`any change in their meaning ,
`frozen semen , as sperm separated from the semen and
`“ Animal Germplasm ” as used herein , refers to the germ
`contained in an extender or diluent , or as sex - selected sperm .
`plasm of Animal , or the germplasm of a cell derived from
`As used herein , the term " inseminate ” is intended to
`Animal .
`broadly encompass an amount of sperm whether contained
`“ Animal F1 Germplasm ” as used herein , refers to the 20 in semen alone or together with cryoprotectant , extender , or
`other diluent . Inseminates may optionally include one or
`germplasm of Animal's offspring , or the germplasm of a cell
`derived from Animal's offspring .
`more " extenders ” and diluents which can be utilized to
`“ Deposit ” as used herein , refers to a representative sample
`fertilize the eggs of a female animal whether in vitro or in
`of cells of Animal deposited under ATCC Accession No.
`vivo . As used herein , inseminates can further include sex
`PTA - 126146 on Sep. 12 , 2019 to the American Type Culture 25 selected sperm compositions .
`Collection , 10801 University Boulevard , Manassas , Va .
`As used herein , the term " sex - selected sperm ” means
`sperm which have been separated , regardless as to the
`20110-2209 .
`“ Sire ” as used herein , refers to the sire of Animal , Bos
`method of separation , into subpopulations containing
`X - chromosome bearing sperm and Y - chromosome bearing
`taurus variety JE840003140305947 .
`“ Dam ” as used herein , refers to the dam of Animal , Bos 30 sperm having a purity in the range of about 70 percent
`taurus variety JE 840003136549962 .
`( " % " ) , 80 % , 90 % , and about 100 % .
`“ Paternal Grand - Sire ” as used herein , refers to the pater-
`As used herein , the term F1 refers to the first filial
`generation progeny born from the gametes of a particular
`variety
`nal grand sire
`of Animal , Bos
`taurus
`parent . Therefore , as used herein , an F1 Animal is a direct
`JE840003124526334 .
`“ Paternal Grand - Dam ” as used herein , refers to the pater- 35 genetic reproduction descendent of Animal .
`Phenotypic Traits and Indices
`nal grand dam of Animal , Bos taurus variety
`Predicted Transmitting Abilities ( PTAs ) can be computed
`JE840003011843660 .
`“ Maternal Grand Sire ” as used herein , refers to the
`for various traits , for example in the broad categories of
`maternal grand sire of Animal , Bos taurus variety
`production ( milk and milk components ) , health / fitness , and
`40 type . Dairy cattle are evaluated for the traits of milk , fat , and
`JE840003124526245 .
`“ Maternal Grand Dam ” as used herein , refers to the
`protein yield , length of productive life , and somatic cell
`score ( an indicator of mastitis ) . Evaluation procedures com
`paternal grand dam of Animal , Bos taurus variety
`bine information from relatives of an evaluated animal , and
`JE840003124526579 .
`Offspring , as used herein , refers to the progeny of an
`from the animal itself in the case of cows . Additionally ,
`animal created through natural service , artificial insemina- 45 numerous type or conformation traits are evaluated rou
`tinely .
`tion , or in vitro fertilization ( IVF ) .
`As used herein , " germplasm ” includes intact genomes
`An important aspect of Bos taurus breeding programs are
`comprising chromosomes present in cells or nuclei . The
`genetic values for yield , management traits , and type that are
`term “ germplasm ” may include any gamete or germ cell , or
`reported as PTAs . These important traits include higher
`any somatic cell from which an animal can be cloned .
`50 milk , protein and fat yield PTAs shown as added pounds of
`milk , fat , and protein expected per lactation for average
`As used herein the term “ about ” refers to + 10 % .
`As used herein , the singular forms “ a , ” “ an , ” and “ the ”
`daughters of individual sires . PTAs are also expressed as
`percentage traits that are represented as percentage point
`include plural references unless the context clearly dictates
`otherwise . For example , the term “ a compound ” or “ at least
`differences where plus values indicate higher concentration
`one compound ” may include a plurality of compounds , 55 of fat and protein in milk . Bos taurus animals and cells
`including mixtures thereof .
`obtained therefrom are also selected to provide increased
`For the purposes of this disclosure , the term “ semen ”
`numbers of daughters and herds contributing to production ,
`means seminal fluid which may contain sperm ( also referred
`improved reliability , improved productive life , improved
`to as “ spermatozoa " ) secreted by the gonads of a male
`somatic cell score ( SCS ) . Desirable Bos taurus varieties
`animal which can be collected from the male animal by any 60 provide higher daughter pregnancy rates ( DPR ) that are a
`genetic measure of the percentage of non - pregnant cows that
`method known to those in the animal breeding arts .
`During breeding , to maintain and improve the germplasm ,
`become pregnant during each 21 - day period ( heat cycle ) .
`selections of a second parent may be an elite second parent
`Another important and desirable PTA selected by breeders is
`having superior traits . The improved germplasm of the
`the productive life ( PL ) that is the additional months of life
`present disclosure can be maintained by selecting superior 65 in the milking string . Also included among the desirable
`breeding partners in the F1 and later progeny generations .
`PTAs are calving related traits such as the service sire
`By suitable selection of the second parent , the germplasm
`calving ease and the service sire stillbirth .
`
`Exhibit 1002
`Select Sires, et al. v. ABS Global
`
`

`

`US 10,975,351 B2
`
`5
`6
`Traits are typically combined into an index based on their
`mining if the sires meet a particular herd's genetic goals .
`relative economic weights . For example , the Net Merit index
`Selection indexes can be particularly useful in monitoring
`( NMS ) computed by USDA AIPL in conjunction with
`such ranking . To maximize genetic improvement using a
`CDCB estimates lifetime profit based on incomes and
`selection index , it is usually recommended that the service
`expenses relevant for today's dairy producers and is 5
`sires for a given herd average at or above the 80th percentile .
`expressed as a dollar value . Traits included in NM $ are :
`In germplasm improvement programs , “ Dams of Males "
`protein ( lb. ) , fat ( lb. ) , productive life , somatic cell score ,
`( DM ) or more commonly , “ bull mothers ” represent a group
`udder composite , feet / legs composite , body size composite
`of elite females that are selected based on estimated breed
`and daughter pregnancy rate . Calving ability also is included
`ing values ( EBV ) or genomic breeding values ( GEBV ) and
`in NM $ calculations for Holsteins and Brown Swiss . The 10 that usually rank among the top 1 % of the population . These
`traits incorporated into calving ability for Holsteins are
`elite females are typically mated to elite bulls from the
`daughter stillbirth , service sire stillbirth , daughter calving
`“ Sires of Males ” ( SM ) group for the purpose of producing
`ease , and service sire calving ease . Only the two calving ease
`elite bull calves .
`traits are available for inclusion in calving ability values of
`“ Sires of males ” ( SM ) or “ sires of sons ” are elite males
`Brown Swiss . Net merit scores are a relative score calculated 15
`that are also selected by EMT or GEBV to be sires of the
`based on a comparison with a baseline average animal in
`2010. A new baseline animal based on the average animal in
`next generation of young elite bulls and represent < 5 % of the
`males . It is the SM semen that is marketed to dairy farmers
`2015 is expected to begin use in 2020 and will reflect
`improvements to dairy herds generally . Under the new
`and it is primarily through the distribution of SM semen that
`NMS ,
`it is anticipated that NM $ scores in 2020 will be 20 commercial herds are improved .
`reduced by about 150 to 200 points compared to earlier NM $
`Sires of females ( SF ) or “ active AI sires ” represent a
`scores . As used herein , NM $ scores are calculated using the
`larger group of males that have been selected based on EBV
`2010 baseline and persons of ordinary skill in the art will be
`or GEBV and whose semen is used to breed the general
`to calculate or convert NM $ values based on the 2010
`population and produce replacement females for commer
`baseline population and 2015 baseline population . Methods 25 cial farms .
`to calculate NM $ are known in the art . See VanRaden et al . ,
`“ Dams of Females ” ( DF ) or “ commercial cows ” represent
`“ Net merit as a measure of lifetime profit : 2018 revision , ”
`the large population of females that are primarily used to
`USDA AIP Research Report NM $ 7 ( 5-18 ) ( 2018 ) available
`produce milk rather than breeding stock and are routinely
`at aipl ( dot ) arsusda ( dot ) gov / reference / nmcalc - 2018.htm for
`mated to bulls from the “ Sires of Females ” ( SF ) group to
`exemplary purposes only ( this recent publication uses 30 initiate lactation , resulting in the next generation of replace
`updated baseline animals not yet in use by the industry for
`ment heifers .
`Net Merit calculations . ) The NM $ incorporates production ,
`Germplasm development programs are directed to the
`management and important composite traits and is designed
`continued improvement of the elite ( DM and SM ) individu
`for dairies paid for protein plus fat and requiring more
`als that in turn improve the germplasm of the larger DF and
`emphasis on management traits . The present disclosure 35 SF populations . Distinct DM and SM lines have been
`provides for , and includes , increased NM $ of progeny cattle
`developed to serve different markets and the resulting germ
`relative to parents . In an aspect , the NM $ of progeny cattle
`plasms are distinct . That is , different DM and SM lines have
`is increased by at least 10 % over the parent generation . Also
`distinctive sets of alleles as a result of multigenerational
`included are methods to improve NM $ in a herd comprising
`selections .
`crossing an Animal of the present disclosure with individu- 40
`Ranchers and dairy farmers increase the value of a cow's
`als of a herd in need of improvement .
`calves by utilizing frozen semen from the most valuable SM
`Trait parameters have been correlated with the underlying
`bulls in the industry to breed their cows . Frozen semen can
`genetics and the heritabilities determined . The genetic and
`be shipped commercially around the world , the best bulls
`phenotypic correlations among the twelve PTA traits are also
`can be mated to thousands of cows instead of the usual 20
`provided by VanRaden et al . , 2018 .
`45 to 40 under natural pasture mating conditions . Once thawed ,
`The JERSEY PERFORMANCE INDEXTM ( JPITM ,
`the semen can be used as an inseminate .
`American Jersey Cattle Association , Reynoldsburg , Ohio ) ,
`As used herein , daughter pregnancy rate ( DPR ) is a
`which is used by the American Jersey Cattle Association , is
`genetic measure of the percentage of non - pregnant cows or
`comprised of the following traits : protein , fat , functional
`heifers eligible to become pregnant that actually become
`trait index , productive life , somatic cell score , and daughter 50 pregnant during each 21 - day period ( heat cycle ) . DPR is
`pregnancy rate . This functional trait index is based on the
`similar to , but not always the same as , pregnancy rates
`bull / cow PTAs for all type traits . The JPITM is updated
`computed for herd management purposes . Daughters of sires
`periodically in the interest of improving the breed . Values
`which have larger PTA DPR are more likely to conceive
`provided herein are calculated using the formula released in
`during a given heat cycle and each 1 % increase in PTA DPR
`2017. Information about this index can be found on usjersey 55 is associated with a genetic decrease of 4 days open .
`( dot ) com . Persons skilled in the art will be able to convert
`As used herein , Cow Livability ( LIV ) represents the
`probability value of a lactation not ending in death or
`between indexes as new versions are released .
`Using a selection index can be an effective way to
`euthanasia relative to the average of the breed . This trait is
`consider several traits when choosing breeding stock . Con-
`important because cows that die during lactation have no
`ventional animal husbandry strategies often rely on selection 60 value and the farmer must pay to dispose of the carcass . The
`indexes , particularly for choosing service sires .
`trait similar to PL which includes cows culled from the herd
`Breeding stock sires and sire lines are typically chosen
`for any reason . LIV values range from about – 5 to +5 , where
`based upon their size and fertility . Prior successes in mating
`5 % more of a bull's daughters will remain alive compared
`as well as siring females are both traits that are often utilized
`to the breed average .
`in selecting sires and / or sire lines .
`As used herein , heifer conception rate ( HCR ) is the
`Also , knowing where service sires rank relative to other
`percentage of inseminated heifers that become pregnant at
`active bulls is typically considered to be helpful in deter-
`each service , shown as a deviation in percentage .
`
`65
`
`Exhibit 1002
`Select Sires, et al. v. ABS Global
`
`

`

`US 10,975,351 B2
`
`7
`8
`Linear descriptive traits are often combined into compos
`As used herein , cow conception rate ( CCR ) is the per-
`ite indexes to simplify the process of describing the trans
`centage of inseminated cows that become pregnant at each
`mitting pattern for type traits . Composite indexes include the
`service , shown as a deviation in percentage .
`feet & legs composite ( FLC ) , the udder composite index
`As used herein , estimated future inbreeding ( EFI ) is the
`( UDC ) , the body form ( BF ) composite index , body size
`estimate of future progeny inbreeding , assuming that an 5
`composite ( BSC ) index , and the dairy capacity ( DC ) com
`animal is mated randomly within their given breed .
`posite index . The FLC composite is a combination of rear
`As used herein , kappa casein ( K - casein ) identify sires
`legs , side view and foot angle linear traits . The UDC
`with homozygous BB genotype for Kappa Casein for pre
`incorporates the udder attachment , rear udder height , rear
`ferred cheese production .
`As used herein , predicted transmitting ability protein 10 udder width , udder depth , udder cleft , front teat placement ,
`and rear teat placement linear traits . The UDC is designed so
`( PTAP ) is a yield trait for protein measured in pounds that
`that the association between UDC and herd life is maxi
`is the predicted difference of the protein yield of the off
`mized . Larger values are associated with longer herd life .
`spring from the average . PTAP is shown as added pound of
`The udder composite index describes a well formed capa
`protein expected per lactation for average daughters of 15 cious udder with strong attachment . Using breeding animals
`individual sires . Higher numbers are preferred .
`with a high UDC results in a lowering of the somatic cell
`As used herein , predicted transmitting ability fat ( PTAF )
`score and daughters whose udders are trouble - free and
`is a yield trait for fat measured in pounds that is the predicted
`capable of holding more milk . The BF index combines the
`difference of the fat yield of the offspring from the average .
`linear traits of stature , body depth , rump angle , and rump
`PTAF is shown as added pound of fat expected per lactation 20 width . The DC composite combines the linear traits of dairy
`for average daughters of individual sires . Higher numbers
`form and strength . The BSC is another composite index
`are preferred .
`calculated from four linear traits : stature , strength , body
`As used herein , predicted transmitting ability milk ( MILK
`depth and rump width . Every 1.0 STA increase in the BSC
`or PTA MILK ) is a yield trait for milk measured in pounds
`correlates with a 24 pound predicted increase in mature body
`that is the predicted difference of the milk yield of the 25 weight .
`offspring from the average . MILK is shown as added pounds
`As used herein , “ Productive Life ” ( PL ) is a measure of
`of milk expected per lactation for average daughters of
`how long dairy cows survive in a herd after they calve for
`individual sires . Higher numbers are preferred .
`the first time . It is based on calving dates , culling or death
`As used herein , feed efficiency value ( FE ) recognizes
`dates , and days in milk ( based on dry dates ) in each lactation
`cattle with the ability to produce large volumes of milk 30 for cows on DHI test . The PTA for Productive Life ( PL ) is
`without having to consume a great deal of feed , based on the
`expressed as additional months of life in the milking string .
`following formula : Feed Efficiency = ( Dollar value of milk
`Bulls with larger PL are expected to sire daughters that have
`produced ) - ( Feed costs for extra milk ) - ( Extra maintenance
`longer productive lives . Data used to compute PL include
`actual longevity , stage of lactation , and culling data supple
`costs ) .
`As used herein , predicted transmitting ability type ( PTAT 35 mented with data from traits that are correlated with PL . By
`or TYPE ) is represented as differences in points from a base
`assigning the largest PL credits for months in peak produc
`population physical conformation . Daughter final scores are
`tion and by giving later lactations slightly more credit than
`collected by breed classifiers . Raw scores then are adjusted
`first lactation , PL reflects the economic impact of cow
`for cow age and used to derive Type PTAs ( PTAT ) . These
`longevity . The heritability of PL is low at 0.085 and the trait
`PTAT are represented as differences in points from the base 40 is expressed late in the life of dairy cow . Accordingly , PL is
`population . TYPE values are normalized to enable compari-
`a difficult trait to improve through selection because of low
`sons across different base populations through time . Higher
`heritability and expression of the trait late in life . Methods
`numbers correlate with more desirable physical conforma-
`for calculating PL are known in the art . See VanRaden et al . ,
`Journal of Dairy Science 76 : 2758-2764 ( 1993 ) , VanRaden
`tions .
`As used herein , STA dairy form ( DF or DFM ) , formerly 45 et al . , Journal of Dairy Science 78 : 631-638 ( 1995 ) , Weigel
`et al . , Journal of Dairy Science 81 : 2040-2044 ( 1998 ) . Each
`known as “ dairy character ” , refers to sharpness , angularity ,
`flatness of bone , openness of rib and length of neck that
`of the foregoing references are hereby incorporated by
`provides an indication of ‘ milkiness ' and reflects the ability
`reference in their entireties . See also VanRaden et al . ,
`of a dairy cow to produce milk from the feed over flesh and
`“ Methods used to compute mu