aly Designation: C 165—05
`
`ygINTERNATIONAL
`
`Standard Test Method for
`Measuring Compressive Properties of Thermal Insulations'
`
`This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 165; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
`original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
`superscript epsilon (€)
`indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
`
`This standard has been approvedfor use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
`
`1. Scope
`1.1 This test method covers two procedures for determining
`the compressive resistance of thermal insulations.
`1.1.1 Procedure A covers thermal
`insulations having an
`approximate straight-line portion of a load-deformation curve,
`but that shall or shall not have an identifiable yield point as
`shown in Figs. 1 and 2. Such behavioris typical of most rigid
`board or block-type insulations.
`1.1.2 Procedure B covers thermal insulations that become
`increasingly more stiff as load is increased, as shown in Fig.3.
`Such behavior is typical of fibrous batt and blanket insulations
`that have been compressed previously to at least the same
`deformation by compression packaging or mechanical soften-
`ing.
`1.2 It is recognized that the classification of materials under
`Procedures A and B shall not hold in all cases. For example,
`some batt or blanket materials that have not been compression
`packagedwill exhibit behavior more typical of Procedure A for
`theirfirst loadings. Also, some higher density fibrous insulation
`boards that have been precompressed will exhibit
`load-
`deformation curves more typical of Procedure B. There will
`also be thermal insulations with load-deformation curves that
`follow noneofthe three types shown here; thatis, curves with
`no straight-line portion, curves with compaction areas, and
`curves that change from negative to positive slope.
`1.3 This test method does not cover reflective or loosefill
`insulations.
`.
`:
`“ The values sited iinch-poundunits ee be regarded
`.formationonly
`values given mn parentheses are
`for
`.
`1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
`‘ated
`with
`i
`It
`is
`the
`.
`safety concerns,
`if any, associate
`with
`its use. t is t
`responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
`priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
`bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
`
`LOAD
`
`DEFORMATION
`FIG. 1 Procedure A—Straight Line Portion with Definite Yield
`Point
`
`2, Referenced Documents
`2.1 ASTM Standards: 2
`© 167 Test Methods for Thickness and Density of Blanket *
`or Batt Thermal Insulations
`:
`C 168 Terminology Relating to Th
`1 Insulation
`C240 Test Methods of Testing Cellular Glass Insulation
`Block
`E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
`E177 Practice for the Use of the Terms Precision and Bias
`in ASTM Test Method
`in
`ASTM
`Test
`Methods
`E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
`Determine the Precision of a Test Method
`
`3. Terminology
`3.1 Definitions:
`
`' This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C16 on Thermal
`Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.32 on Mechanical
`Properties.
`Current edition approved May 1, 2005. Published May 2005. Originally
`approved in 1941. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as C 165 — 00.
`
`? For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
`contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
`Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
`the ASTM website.
`
`Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
`
`CopyrightASTM Intemational
`Provided by IHS Markit under licanse with ASTM
`No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Markit
`
`PGR2022-00022 - Petitioner's Exhibit 1008 - Page 1
`losdterNumber: W2322140
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`

`

`.
`
`Crosshead of
`tie,
`:
`_ Testing.Machine
`ep
`ti
`
`Spherical"
`& Spherical Bearing
`Poodeat
`Block Assembly
`Center of
`
`
`EEL“Weighing Table of
`
`
`Testing Machine
`FIG. 4 Spherical Bearing Block for cules Strength Test
`
`4. Significance and Use
`4.1 In providing Procedures A and B,it is recognized that
`different types of thermal insulation will exhibit significantly
`different behavior under compressive load. Data must usually
`be obtained from a complete load-deformation curve, and the
`useful working range normally correspondsto only a portion of
`the curve. The user is cautioned against use of the product in
`the range beyond whichthe product is permanently damaged or
`properties are adversely affected.
`4.2 Load-deformation curves provide useful data for re-
`search and development, quality control, specification accep-
`tance or rejection, and for other special purposes. Standard
`loading rates shall not be used arbitrarily for all purposes; the
`effects of impact, creep, fatigue, and repeated cycling must be
`considered. All load-deformation data shall be reviewed care-
`fully for applicability prior to acceptance for use in engineering
`designs differing widely in load, load application rate, and
`material dimensions involved.
`
`5. Apparatus
`5.1 Testing Machine— Standard hydraulic or mechanical
`compression testing machine of suitable capacity, and capable
`of operating at the specified constant rate of motion of the
`movable head. Verify the accuracy of the testing machine in
`accordance with Practices E 4.
`5.2 Loading Surfaces— Surfaces shall be at least 1.0 in.
`(25.4 mm)greater in all directions than the test specimens, and
`shall be designed to remain plane within +0.003 in./ft (+0.25
`mm/m) under all conditions of load.
`5.2.1 Procedure A— A preferred size is 8.0 in. (203 mm)
`square. One surface plate, either the upper or lower, shall be
`mounted rigidly with its surface perpendicular to the testing
`machine axis. The other surface plate shall be self-aligning,
`suspended by a spherical bearing block as shownin Fig. 4.
`5.2.2 Procedure B— A preferred size is 1.0 ft? (0.093 m7)in
`area, either 12 in. (305 mm) square or 13.54 in. (344 mm) in
`diameter. Both plates shall be mounted rigidly so that the
`surfaces are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the
`testing machine axis.
`5.3 Load Indicator— Load-indicating mechanism that will
`permit measurements with an accuracy of+ 1 % oftotal load.
`5.4 Deformation
`_Indicator—Deformation-indicating
`mechanism that measures crosshead movement, or a simple jig
`that will permit direct measurements, with an accuracy of
`+0.1 % of specimen thickness. When crosshead movementis
`used to measure deformation, use a calibration curve unlessit
`has been shown that underthe conditions of test the crosshead
`indicator gives an accurate measure of specimen deformation.
`
`A&of
`
`i
`
`DEFORMATION
`FIG. 2 Procedure A—Straight Line Portion but no Definite Yield
`Point
`
`g
`
`DEFORMATION
`
`FIG. 3 Procedure B—increasingStiffness
`
`3.1.1 Terminology C 168 applies to the terms used in this
`method.
`3.2 Additional terms are defined as follows:
`3.3 compressive deformation—the decrease in specimen
`thickness by a compressive load.
`3.4 compressive load—the compressive force carried by the
`test specimen at any given moment.
`3.5 compressive modulus of elasticity—the ratio of the
`compressive load per unit of original area to the corresponding
`deformation per unit of original thickness below the propor-
`tional limit of a material.
`3.6 compressive resistance—the compressive load per unit
`of original area at a specified deformation. For those materials
`where the specified deformation is regarded as indicating the
`start of complete failure,
`the compressive resistance shall
`properly be called the compressive strength.
`3.7 proportional limit in compression—the greatest com-
`pressive load that a material is capable of sustaining without
`any deviation from proportionality of load to deformation.
`3.8 yield point in compression—theloadat the first point on
`the load-deformation curve at which an increase in deformation
`occurs without an increase in load.
`
`Copyright ASTM Intemational
`Provided by IHS Markit under licanse with ASTM
`No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Markit
`
`PGR2022-00022 - Petitioner's Exhibit 1008 - Page 2
`order Number: W2322140
`Sold to:KILPATRICK TOWNSEND & STOCKTON [094372100001] - TROSEN@KILPATRICKTOWNSEN
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`

`

`Ally c 165 - 05
`
`5.5 Measuring Instruments:
`5.5.1 Dial Gage Comparator, with a circular foot having a
`minimum area of 1.00 in.” (645 mm?) and capable of measur-
`ing thickness to +0.002 in. (£0.05 mm).
`5.5.2 Steel Rule, capable of measuring to +0.01 in. (0.25
`mm).
`5.5.3 Depth Gage, pin-type, as specified in Test Methods
`C 167 for Procedure B only.
`5:6 Drying or Conditioning Equipment (see 6.5):
`5,6.1 Drying Oven, temperatures to 250°F (121°C).
`5.6.2 Desiccator, using dry calcium chloride or silica gel
`desiccant.
`5.6.3 Conditioned Space, at temperature of 73.4 + 3.6°F
`(23 + 2°C),and relative humidity of 50 + 5 %.
`
`6. Test Specimens
`6.1 Specimen Size:
`6.1.1 Procedure A specimens shall preferably be square or
`circular with a minimum area of 4 in.? (2580 mm?) and a
`preferred width or diameter of 6 in. (150 mm). The minimum
`thickness shall be 2 in. (12.7 mm) and the maximum thickness
`shall be no greater than the width or diameter.
`
`Note 1—See Test Methods C 240 for preparation of cellular glass test
`specimens.
`
`6.1.2 Procedure B specimens shall preferably be square or
`circular with a minimum width or diameter of 6.0 in. (153
`mm). The minimum thickness shall be 1.0 in. (25.4 mm) and
`the maximum thickness shall be no greater than the width or
`diameter.
`
`Note 2—For some materials, the specimen thickness has considerable
`effect on the deformation at yield, the compressive resistance, and the
`compressive modulus. Therefore, use the same thickness for comparisons
`with other test specimens. The thinner the specimen, the higher the
`compressive resistance and the lower the deformation at yield.
`
`6.2 The number of specimens to be tested and the sampling
`plan shall conform to materials specifications where appli-
`cable. In the absence of such specifications the minimum
`number of specimensshall be at least four, chosen at random to
`represent the lot.
`6.3 The specimens shall be cut from larger blocks or
`irregular shapes in such a manneras to preserve as many of the
`original surfaces as possible. The bearing faces of the test
`specimens shall be plane, parallel to each other, and perpen-
`dicular to the sides. Where the original surfaces of the block are
`substantially plane and parallel, no special preparation of the
`surfaces will usually be necessary. In preparing specimens
`from pieces of irregular shape, any means that will produce a
`specimen with plane and parallel faces without weakening the
`structure of the specimen shall be used.
`6.4 The specimens shall be prepared so that the direction of
`loading will be the sameas that on the insulation in service. If
`the direction of loading in service is unknown and the material
`is suspected of being anisotropic, different sets of test speci-
`mens shall be prepared with compression axes parallel to the
`different directions of loading that might occur.
`6.5 The specimens shall be dried and conditioned prior to
`test, following applicable specifications for the material. If the
`material is affected adversely by oven temperatures, the speci-
`
`mens shall be conditioned for notless than 40 h at 73.4 + 1.8°F
`(23 + 1°C), and 50 + 5 % relative humidity before testing. In
`the absence of definitive drying specifications, the specimens
`shall be dried in an oven at 215 to 250°F (102 to 121°C) to
`constant mass and held in a desiccator to cool
`to room
`temperature before testing. Where circumstances or require-
`ments preclude compliance with these conditioning proce-
`dures, exceptions agreed upon between the manufacturer and
`the purchaser shall be specifically listed in the test report.
`
`7. Procedures
`
`7.1 Procedure A:
`7.1.1 Measure the specimen dimensions within +1 %. Each
`dimension shall be the average of at least two measurements
`taken on each specimen face. Use the steel rule and the dial
`gage comparator as appropriate.
`7.1.2 Place the specimen between the loading surfaces of
`the testing machine,
`taking care that the centerline of the
`specimen coincides with the centerline of the testing machine
`so that the load will be uniformly distributed. The self-aligning
`surface shall be approximately parallel to the fixed plate. Keep
`the spherical bearing seat well
`lubricated to ensure free
`movement.
`
`7.1.3. Adjust the crosshead speed to the value specified for
`the material being tested. This shall not exceed the range from
`0.01 to 0.5 in./min (0.25 to 12.7 mm/min) for each 1 in. (25.4
`mm) of specimen thickness. In the absence of such specifica-
`tion, the speed shall be 0.05 in./min (1.27 mm/min) for each 1
`in. of specimen thickness.
`
`Nore 3—The speed of crosshead travel will have considerable effect on
`the compressive resistance value. In general, higher crosshead speeds
`usually result in higher compressive resistance values. Take this into
`accountin selecting crosshead speed other than standard when comparing
`different types of thermal insulation.
`
`7.1.4 To reduce the time for the loading head to contact the
`test specimen, the crosshead shall be moved at a rapid until
`contact with the specimen is made. This will cause a slight
`preload to be applied to the specimen. Change the loading
`speed to the required value once contact is made. This preload
`shall be as low as possible, but shall not be more than 2% ofthe
`load at the final deformation.
`
`Nore 4—If this test method is used in specifications or by specifiers to
`characterize the compressive resistance of a material, any preload value
`used must be specified.
`
`7.1.5 Compress the specimen to the desired deformation.
`Record the loads and deformations at points that will ad-
`equately describe a load-deformation curve.
`7.2, Procedure B:
`7.2.1 Measure the specimen face dimensions within +1 %
`using the steel rule. Each dimension shall be the average ofat
`least two measurements taken on each specimen face.
`7.2.2 Measure the specimen thickness to +1 %. Use the
`pin-type depth gage and follow Test Methods C 167 if the
`material
`is pin-penetrable. If it is not, use the dial gage
`comparator. Average three measurements.
`7.2.3 Place the specimen between the loading surfaces of
`the testing machine, taking care that the centerlines of the
`specimen and the testing machine coincide.
`
`CopyrightASTM Intemational
`Provided by IHS Markit under licanse with ASTM
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`PGR2022-00022 - Petitioner's Exhibit 1008 - Page 3
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`

`

`All c 165 - 05 M DEFORMATION
`
`R
`oO
`FIG. 5 Procedure A Calculations
`
`LOAD M DEFORMATION
`
`T
`fs]
`FIG. 6 Procedure A Calculations
`
`7.2.4 Adjust the crosshead speed to a maximum of5 in./min
`(125-mm/min), but follow material specifications if a different
`speed is specified (see Note 3 above).
`7.2.5 Compress the specimen to the desired deformation of
`either 10 or 25 % ofthe thickness measured in 7.2.2 or of the
`nominal
`thickness if so specified. To reduce variability in
`sample sets with densities greater than 3 Ibs/ft* (48 kg/m’), the
`initial deformation point on the load curve must be chosen at a
`fixed preload. Preload values shall be less than 2 % of the load
`at 10 % deformation.
`
`Nore 5—Ifthis test method is used in specifications or by specifiers to
`characterize the compressive resistance of a material, any preload value to
`be used must be specified.
`
`8. Calculations
`
`8.1 Procedure A:
`8.1.1 Construct a load-deformation curve.
`8.1.2 Using a straightedge, carefully extend to the zero load
`line the steepest straight portion of the load-deformation curve.
`This establishes the “zero deformation point.” Measure all
`distances for deformation calculations from this point (Point 0
`in Figs. 5 and 6).
`8.1.3 Measure from Point 0 along the zero load line a
`distance representing 5 %, 10 %, or other specified deforma-
`tion. At that point (Point M in Figs. 5 and 6), draw a vertical
`line intersecting the load deformation curveat Point P. If there
`is no yield point before Point P (as in Fig. 6), read the load at
`Point P. If there is a yield point before Point P (as Point L in
`Fig. 5), read the load and measure the percent deformation
`(distance O-R) at the yield point.
`8.1.4 Calculate the compressive resistance as follows:
`S=WIA
`
`qd)
`
`where:
`S = compressive resistance, psi (or Pa),
`W = load at any given deformation as determined in 8.1.3,
`Ibf (or N), and
`A = average original area computed from measurements in
`7.1.1, in.? (or m7).
`8.1.5 Compressive Modulus of Elasticity:
`
`the compressive modulus of elasticity
`8.1.5.1 If desired,
`shall be determined by choosing any convenient point (such as
`Point S in Fig. 6) along the straight portion of the load-
`deformation curve. Read the load and measure the deformation
`(distance O-T) at that point.
`8.1.5.2 Calculate the compressive modulus of elasticity as
`follows:
`
`load/unit area
`
`
`E = Geformation/originalthickness
`
`WIA
`=F
`
`(2)
`
`Veye |ug
`
`compressive modulus, psi (or Pa),
`compressive deformation, in. (or mm), and
`= thickness of the specimen, in. (or mm).
`8.2 Procedure B— Calculate the compressive resistance as
`follows:
`
`S=WIA
`
`(3)
`
`where:
`S
`= compressive resistance, psi (or Pa),
`W = load at specified deformation as determined in 7.2.5,
`Ibf (or N), and
`A = average original area computed from measurements in
`7.2.1, in.* (or m?).
`
`9. Report
`9.1 Report the following information:
`9.1.1 Name,type, density, original piece size, and any other
`pertinent identification of the insulation,
`9.1.2 Dimensions of test specimens and the number of
`specimenstested,
`9.1.3 Conditioning or drying procedures followed and the
`conditions during the test,
`9.1.4 The compressive resistance of each specimen and the
`average at any stated deformation. The percent deformation
`and, if used, the preload shall always accompany the compres-
`sive resistance reported.
`9.1.5 The compressive modulus of elasticity of each speci-
`men and the average if determined (Procedure A only),
`
`PGR2022-00022 - Petitioner's Exhibit 1008 - Page 4
`CopyrightASTM4derNumber: W2322140
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`Provided by IHS Markit under licanse with ASTM
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`

`

`Ally c 165 - 05
`
`TABLE 1 Precision Information
`
`Material Type
`Material Composition
`
`Deformation
`Number of Laboratories
`Number of Tests
`Preload
`
`Average test value
`
`Repeatability limit (within laboratory), 95 %
`
`Reproducibility limit (between
`laboratories), 95 %
`
`Type A
`Calcium
`Silicate
`5%
`7
`4
`none
`
`100.0 psi
`(689.5 kPa)
`5.4 psi
`(37.2 kPa)
`13.3 psi
`(91.7 kPa)
`
`High Density
`Mineral Fiber
`10 4%
`7
`4
`0.06 psi
`(0.41 kPa)
`3.27psi
`(22.5 kPa)
`0.97psi
`(6.7 kPa)
`0.97psi
`(6.7 kPa)
`
`Type B
`
`10 4%
`6
`10
`none
`
`0.012 psi
`(0.08 kPa)
`0.008 psi
`(0.02 kPa)
`0.004 psi
`(0.03 kPa)
`
`Low Density
`Mineral Fiber
`
`25 %
`6
`10
`none
`
`0.031 psi
`(0.21 kPa)
`0.007psi
`(0.05 kPa)
`0.007psi
`(0.05 kPa)
`
`9.1.6 The load-deformation curve, with comments on be-
`havior during test
`if appropriate. The complete load-
`deformation curve is desirable, particularly if the curve is not
`characteristic of one of the three defined in 1.1.
`9.1.7 Comments on the modeoffailure if other than normal
`compression; for example, shearing, crumbling, cracking,etc.,
`9.1.8 Crosshead speed, and
`9.1.9 Date oftest.
`
`10. Precision and Bias *
`
`10.1 Interlaboratory Test Program—An interlaboratory
`study was run in which randomly drawn test specimensofthree
`materials were tested for compressive resistance. Practice
`E691 was followed for the design and analysis of the data. All
`of the test specimens were provided bya single laboratory. The
`data presented gives results for Type A material with no
`
`* Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
`be obtained by requesting Research Report RR: C16—-1020.
`
`preload, Type B High Density Material with a preload and type
`B Low Density material without preload.
`10.2 Test Result— The precision information given in Table
`1 in units of measurementnoted is for the comparison of four
`test results:
`10.3 Precision—The terms (repeatability limit and repro:
`ducibility limit) in Table 1 are used as specified in Practice
`E177. The respective standard deviations among the test
`results must be obtained by dividing the limit values in Table
`1 by 2.8.
`10.4 Bias—Since there is no accepted reference material
`suitable for determining the bias for the procedures in Test
`Method C 165 for measuring compressive strength, bias has
`not been determined.
`
`11. Keywords
`11.1 blanket-type; block-type; board-type; compression
`testing; compressive resistance; deformation; modulusofelas-
`ticity; thermal insulation; thermal insulation materials
`
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`Copyright ASTM Intemational
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