US 20190182919A1
`( 19 ) United States
`( 12 ) Patent Application Publication ( 10 ) Pub . No . : US 2019 / 0182919 A1
`( 43 ) Pub . Date :
`Jun . 13 , 2019
`Miskin et al .
`
`( 54 ) MULTI - VOLTAGE AND
`MULTI - BRIGHTNESS LED LIGHTING
`DEVICES AND METHODS OF USING SAME
`( 71 ) Applicant : Lynk Labs , Inc . , Elgin , IL ( US )
`( 72 ) Inventors : Michael Miskin , Sleepy Hollow , IL
`( US ) ; Robert L . Kottritsch , Shefford
`( GB )
`( 21 ) Appl . No . : 16 / 274 , 164
`( 22 ) Filed :
`Feb . 12 , 2019
`Related U . S . Application Data
`( 63 ) Continuation of application No . 15 / 685 , 429 , filed on
`Aug . 24 , 2017 , now Pat . No . 10 , 271 , 393 , which is a
`continuation of application No . 14 / 172 , 644 , filed on
`Feb . 4 , 2014 , now Pat . No . 9 , 750 , 098 , which is a
`continuation of application No . 13 / 322 , 796 , filed on
`Nov . 28 , 2011 , now Pat . No .
`8 , 648 , 539 , filed as
`application No . PCT / US2010 / 001597 on May 28 ,
`2010 , which is a continuation - in - part of application
`No . 12 / 287 , 267 , filed on Oct . 6 , 2008 , now Pat . No .
`8 , 179 , 055 .
`( 60 ) Provisional application No . 61 / 217 , 215 , filed on May
`28 , 2009 , provisional application No . 60 / 997 , 771 ,
`filed on Oct . 6 , 2007 .
`
`Publication Classification
`
`Int . CI .
`( 51 )
`H05B 33 / 08
`( 2006 . 01 )
`( 52 ) U . S . CI .
`CPC . . . H05B 33 / 0821 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; Y10T 29 / 49002
`( 2015 . 01 ) ; H05B 33 / 0806 ( 2013 . 01 )
`( 57 )
`ABSTRACT
`A single chip multi - voltage or multi - brightness LED light
`ing device having at least two LED circuits . Each of the at
`least two LED circuits having at least two LEDs connected
`together in series . Each of the at least two LED circuits are
`electrically unconnected to each other in a parallel relation
`ship , have a forward operating drive voltage of at least six
`volts and are monolithically integrated on a single substrate .
`A method of manufacturing a single chip with two or more
`LED circuits configurable by means of connecting the
`circuits so as to provide optional operating voltage level
`and / or desired brightness level wherein the electrical con
`nection may be achieved and / or completed at the LED
`packaging level when the single chips are integrated into the
`LED package . Alternatively , the LED package may have
`external electrical contacts that match the integrated chips
`within . Optionally allowable , the drive voltage level and / or
`the brightness level select - ability may be passed on through
`to the exterior of the LED package and may be selected by
`the LED package user , the PCB assembly facility , or the end
`product manufacturer .
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`Ex. 1019 - Page 1
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`Patent Application Publication
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`Jun . 13 , 2019 Sheet 1 of 8
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`Patent Application Publication
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`Jun . 13 , 2019 Sheet 2 of 8
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`PGR2023-00016 - Home Depot
`Ex. 1019 - Page 3
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`Patent Application Publication
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`Jun . 13 , 2019 Sheet 3 of 8
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`PGR2023-00016 - Home Depot
`Ex. 1019 - Page 4
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`Patent Application Publication
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`Jun . 13 , 2019 Sheet 4 of 8
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`PGR2023-00016 - Home Depot
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`Patent Application Publication
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`Jun . 13 , 2019 Sheet 5 of 8
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`Patent Application Publication
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`Jun . 13 , 2019 Sheet 6 of 8
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`US 2019 / 0182919 A1
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`Jun . 13 , 2019 Sheet 7 of 8
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`Patent Application Publication
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`Jun . 13 , 2019 Sheet 8 of 8
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`US 2019 / 0182919 A1
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`US 2019 / 0182919 A1
`
`Jun . 13 , 2019
`
`MULTI - VOLTAGE AND
`MULTI - BRIGHTNESS LED LIGHTING
`DEVICES AND METHODS OF USING SAME
`RELATED APPLICATIONS
`[ 0001 ] The present application is a continuation of U . S .
`patent application Ser . No . 15 / 685 , 429 , filed Aug . 24 , 2017 ,
`which is a continuation of U . S . patent application Ser . No .
`14 / 172 , 644 , filed Feb . 4 , 2014 , which is a continuation of
`U . S . patent application Ser . No . 13 / 322 , 796 , filed Nov . 28 ,
`2011 , which is a national phase application of International
`Application No . PCT / US2010 / 001597 , filed May 28 , 2010 ,
`which claims priority to U . S . Provisional Application No .
`61 / 217 , 215 , filed May 28 , 2009 , and is a continuation - in
`part of U . S . patent application Ser . No . 12 / 287 , 267 , filed
`Oct . 6 , 2008 , which claims the priority to U . S . Provisional
`Application No . 60 / 997 , 771 , filed Oct . 6 , 2007 ; the contents
`of each of these applications are expressly incorporated
`herein by reference .
`TECHNICAL FIELD
`[ 0002 ] The present invention generally relates to light
`emitting diodes ( “ LEDs ” ) for AC operation . The present
`invention specifically relates to multiple voltage level and
`multiple brightness level LED devices , packages and lamps .
`FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR
`DEVELOPMENT
`
`[ 0003 ] None .
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`Field of the Invention
`The present invention generally relates to light
`[ 0004 ]
`emitting diodes ( “ LEDs " ) for multi - voltage level and / or
`multi - brightness level operation . The present invention spe
`cifically relates to multiple voltage level and multiple bright
`ness level light emitting diode circuits , single chips , pack
`ages and lamps " devices ” for direct AC voltage power
`source operation , bridge rectified AC voltage power source
`operation or constant DC voltage power source operation .
`Description of the Related Art
`[ 0005 ] LEDs are semiconductor devices that produce light
`when a current is supplied to them . LEDs are intrinsically
`DC devices that only pass current in one polarity and
`historically have been driven by DC voltage sources using
`resistors , current regulators and voltage regulators to limit
`the voltage and current delivered to the LED . Some LEDs
`have resistors built into the LED package providing a higher
`voltage LED typically driven with 5V DC or 12V DC .
`10006 ] With proper design considerations LEDs may be
`driven more efficiently with direct AC or rectified AC than
`with constant voltage or constant current DC drive schemes .
`10007 ] . Some standard AC voltage in the world include 12
`VAC , 24 VAC , 100 VAC , 110 VAC , 120 VAC , 220 VAC , 230
`VAC , 240 VAC and 277 VAC . Therefore , it would be
`advantageous to have a single chip LED or multi - chip single
`LED packages that could be easily configured to operate at
`multiple voltages by simply selecting a voltage and / or
`current level when packaging the multi - voltage and / or
`multi - current single chip LEDs or by selecting a specific
`
`voltage and / or current level when integrating the LED
`package onto a printed circuit board or within a finished
`lighting product . It would also be advantageous to have
`multi - current LED chips and / or packages for LED lamp
`applications in order to provide a means of increasing
`brightness in LED lamps by switching in additional circuits
`just as additional filaments are switched in for standard
`incandescent lamps .
`[ 0008 ]
`U . S . Pat . No . 7 , 525 , 248 discloses a chip - scale LED
`lamp including discrete LEDs capable of being built upon
`electrically insulative , electrically conductive , or electrically
`semi conductive substrates . Further , the construction of the
`LED lamp enables the lamp to be configured for high
`voltage AC or DC power operation . The LED based solid
`state light emitting device or lamp is built upon an electri
`cally insulating layer that has been formed onto a support
`surface of a substrate . Specifically , the insulating layer may
`be epitaxially grown onto the substrate , followed by an LED
`buildup of an n - type semiconductor layer , an optically active
`layer , and a
`p - type semiconductor layer , in succession .
`Isolated mesa structure of individual , discrete LEDs is
`formed by etching specific portions of the LED buildup
`down to the insulating layer , thereby forming trenches
`between adjacent LEDs . Thereafter , the individual LEDs are
`electrically coupled together through conductive elements or
`traces being deposited for connecting the n - type layer of one
`LED and the p - type layer of an adjacent LED , continuing
`across all of the LEDs to form the solid - state light emitting
`device . The device may therefore be formed as an integrated
`AC / DC light emitter with a positive and negative lead for
`supplied electrical power . For instance , the LED lamp may
`be configured for powering by high voltage DC power ( e . g . ,
`12V , 24V , etc . ) or high voltage AC power ( e . g . , 110 / 120V ,
`220 / 240V , etc . ) .
`[ 0009 ]
`U . S . Pat . No . 7 , 213 , 942 discloses a single - chip
`LED device through the use of integrated circuit technology ,
`which can be used for standard high AC voltage ( 110 volts
`for North America , and 220 volts for Europe , Asia , etc . )
`operation . The single - chip AC LED device integrates many
`smaller LEDs , which are connected in series . The integra
`tion is done during the LED fabrication process and the final
`product is a single - chip device that can be plugged directly
`into house or building power outlets or directly screwed into
`incandescent lamp sockets that are powered by standard AC
`voltages . The series connected smaller LEDs are patterned
`by photolithography , etching ( such as plasma dry etching ) ,
`and metallization on a single chip . The electrical insulation
`between small LEDs within a single - chip is achieved by
`etching light emitting materials into the insulating substrate
`so that no light emitting material is present between small
`LEDs . The voltage crossing each one of the small LEDs is
`about the same as that in a conventional DC operating LED
`fabricated from the same type of material ( e . g . , about 3 . 5
`volts for blue LEDs ) .
`[ 0010 ] Accordingly , single chip LEDs have been limited
`and have not been integrated circuits beyond being fixed
`series or fixed parallel circuit configurations until the devel
`opment of AC LEDs . The AC LEDs have still however been
`single circuit , fixed single voltage designs .
`[ 0011 ] LED packages have historically not been integrated
`circuits beyond being fixed series or fixed parallel circuit
`configurations .
`
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`US 2019 / 0182919 A1
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`Jun . 13 , 2019
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`[ 0012 ] The art is deficient in that it does not provide a
`multi - voltage and / or multi - current circuit monolithically
`integrated on a single substrate which would be advanta
`geous .
`It would further be advantageous to have a multi
`[ 0013 ]
`voltage and / or multi - brightness circuit that can provide
`options in voltage level , brightness level and / or AC or DC
`powering input power preference .
`10014 ]
`It would further be advantageous to provide mul
`tiple voltage level and / or multiple brightness level light
`emitting LED circuits , chips , packages and lamps “ multi
`voltage and / or multi - brightness LED devices ” that can eas
`ily be electrically configured for at least two forward voltage
`drive levels with direct AC voltage coupling , bridge rectified
`AC voltage coupling or constant voltage DC power source
`coupling . This invention comprises circuits and devices that
`can be driven with more than one AC or DC forward voltage
`“ multi - voltage ” at 6V or greater based on a selectable
`desired operating voltage level that is achieved by electri
`cally connecting the LED circuits in
`a series or parallel
`circuit configuration and / or more than one level of bright
`ness “ multi - brightness ” based on a switching means that
`connects and / or disconnects at least one additional LED
`circuit to and / or from
`a first LED circuit . The desired
`operating voltage level and / or the desired brightness level
`electrical connection may be achieved and / or completed at
`the LED packaging level when the multi - voltage and / or
`multi - brightness circuits and / or single chips are integrated
`into the LED package , or the LED package may have
`external electrical contacts that match the integrated multi
`voltage and / or multi - brightness circuits and / or single chips
`within , thus allowing the drive voltage level and / or the
`brightness level select - ability to be passed on through to the
`exterior of the LED package and allowing the voltage level
`or brightness level to be selected at the LED package user ,
`or the PCB assembly facility , or the end product manufac
`turer .
`[ 0015 ]
`It would further be advantageous to provide at least
`two integrated circuits having a forward voltage of at least
`12 VAC or 12 VDC or greater on a single chip or within a
`single LED package that provide a means of selecting a
`forward voltage when packaging a multi - voltage and / or
`multi - brightness circuit using discrete die ( one LED chip at
`a time ) and wire bonding them into a circuit at the packaging
`level or when packaging one or more multi - voltage and / or
`multi - brightness level single chips within a LED package .
`[ 0016 ]
`It would further be advantageous to provide multi
`voltage and / or multi - brightness level devices that can pro
`vide electrical connection options for either AC or DC
`voltage operation at preset forward voltage levels of 6V or
`greater .
`[ 0017 ]
`It would further be advantageous to provide multi
`brightness LED devices that can be switched to different
`levels of brightness by simply switching additional circuits
`on or off in addition to a first operating circuit within a single
`chip and or LED package . This would allow LED lamps to
`switch to higher brightness levels just like 2 - way or 3 - way
`incandescent lamps do today .
`10018 ]
`The benefits of providing multi - voltage circuits of
`6V or greater on a single chip is that an LED packager can
`use this single chip as a platform to offer more than one LED
`packaged product with a single chip that addresses multiple
`voltage levels for various end customer design requirements .
`This also increase production on a single product for the chip
`
`maker and improves inventory control . This also improves
`buying power and inventory control for the LED packager
`when using one chip .
`[ 0019 ] . The present invention provides for these advan
`tages and solves the deficiencies in the art .
`SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
`[ 0020 ] According to one aspect of the invention at least
`two single voltage AC LED circuits are formed on a single
`chip or on a substrate providing a multi - voltage AC LED
`device for direct AC power operation . Each single voltage
`AC LED circuit has at least two LEDs connected to each
`other in opposing parallel relation .
`[ 0021 ] According to another aspect of the invention , each
`single voltage AC LED circuit is designed to be driven with
`a predetermined forward voltage of at least 6 VAC and
`preferably each single voltage AC LED circuit has a match
`ing forward voltage of 6 VAC , 12 VAC , 24 VAC , 120 VAC ,
`or other AC voltage levels for each single voltage AC LED
`circuit .
`[ 0022 ] According to another aspect of the invention , each
`multi - voltage AC LED device would be able to be driven
`with at least two different AC forward voltages resulting in
`a first forward voltage drive level by electrically connecting
`the two single voltage AC LED circuits in parallel and a
`second forward voltage drive level by electrically connect
`ing the at least two single voltage level AC LED circuits in
`series . By way of example , the second forward voltage drive
`level of the serially connected AC LED circuits would be
`approximately twice the level of the first forward voltage
`drive level of the parallel connected AC LED circuits . The
`at least two parallel connected AC LED circuits would be
`twice the current of the at least two serially connected AC
`LED circuits . In either circuit configuration , the brightness
`would be approximately the same with either forward volt
`age drive selection of the multi - voltage LED device .
`[ 0023 ] According to another aspect of the invention , at
`least two single voltage series LED circuits , each of which
`have at least two serially connected LEDs , are formed on a
`single chip or on a substrate providing a multi - voltage AC or
`DC operable LED device .
`10024 ] . According to another aspect of the invention , each
`single voltage series LED circuit is designed to be driven
`with a predetermined forward voltage of at least 6V AC or
`DC and preferably each single voltage series LED circuit
`has a matching forward voltage of 6V , 12V , 24V , 120V , or
`other AC or DC voltage levels . By way of example , each
`multi - voltage AC or DC LED device would be able to be
`driven with at least two different AC or DC forward voltages
`resulting in a first forward voltage drive level by electrically
`connecting the two single voltage series LED circuits in
`parallel and a second forward voltage drive level by elec
`trically connecting the at least two single voltage level series
`LED circuits in series . The second forward voltage drive
`level of the serially connected series LED circuits would be
`approximately twice the level of the first forward voltage
`drive level of the parallel connected series LED circuits . The
`at least two parallel connected series LED circuits would be
`twice the current of the at least two serially connected series
`LED circuits . In either circuit configuration , the brightness
`would be approximately the same with either forward volt
`age drive selection of the multi - voltage series LED device .
`[ 0025 ] According to another aspect of the invention , at
`least two single voltage AC LED circuits are formed on a
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`single chip or on a substrate providing a multi - voltage
`and / or multi - brightness AC LED device for direct AC power
`operation .
`[ 0026 ] According to another aspect of the invention , each
`single voltage AC LED circuit has at least two LEDs
`connected to each other in opposing parallel relation . Each
`single voltage AC LED circuit is designed to be driven with
`a predetermined forward voltage of at least 6 VAC and
`preferably each single voltage AC LED circuit has a match
`ing forward voltage of 6 VAC , 12 VAC , 24 VAC , 120 VAC ,
`or other AC voltage levels for each single voltage AC LED
`circuit . The at least two AC LED circuits within each
`multi - voltage and / or multi current AC LED device would be
`left able to be driven with at least two different AC forward
`voltages resulting in a first forward voltage drive level by
`electrically connecting the two single voltage AC LED
`circuits in parallel and a second forward voltage drive level
`by electrically connecting the at least two single voltage
`level AC LED circuits in series . The second forward voltage
`drive level of the serially connected AC LED circuits would
`be approximately twice the level of the first forward voltage
`drive level of the parallel connected AC LED circuits . The
`at least two parallel connected AC LED circuits would be
`twice the current of the at least two serially connected AC
`LED circuits . In either circuit configuration , the brightness
`would be approximately the same with either forward volt
`age drive selection of the multi - voltage LED device .
`[ 0027 ] According to another aspect of the invention at
`least two single voltage LED circuits are formed on a single
`chip or on a substrate , and at least one bridge circuit made
`of LEDs is formed on the same single chip or substrate
`providing a multi - voltage and / or multi - brightness LED
`device for direct DC power operation . Each single voltage
`LED circuit has at least two LEDs connected to each other
`in series . Each single voltage LED circuit is designed to be
`driven with a predetermined forward voltage and preferably
`matching forward voltages for each circuit such as 12 VDC ,
`24 VDC , 120 VDC , or other DC voltage levels for each
`single voltage LED circuit . Each multi - voltage and / or multi
`brightness LED device would be able to be driven with at
`least two different DC forward voltages resulting in a first
`forward voltage drive level when the two single voltage
`LED circuits are connected in parallel and a second forward
`voltage drive level that is twice the level of the first forward
`voltage drive level when the at least two LED circuits are
`connected in series .
`[ 0028 ] According to another aspect of the invention at
`least two single voltage LED circuits are formed on a single
`chip or on a substrate providing a multi - voltage and / or
`multi - brightness LED device for direct DC power operation .
`Each single voltage LED circuit has at least two LEDs
`connected to each other in series . Each single voltage LED
`circuit is designed to be driven with a predetermined for
`ward voltage and preferably matching forward voltages for
`each circuit such as 12 VAC , 24 VAC , 120 VAC , or other DC
`voltage levels for each single voltage LED circuit . Each
`multi - voltage and / or multi - brightness LED device would be
`able to be driven with at least two different DC forward
`voltages resulting in a first forward voltage drive level when
`the two single voltage LED circuits are connected in parallel
`and a second forward voltage drive level that is twice the
`level of the first forward voltage drive level when the at least
`two LED circuits are connected in series .
`
`0029 ] According to another aspect of the invention at
`least two single voltage LED circuits are formed on a single
`chip or on a substrate , and at least one bridge circuit made
`of LEDs is formed on the same single chip or substrate
`providing a multi - voltage and / or multi - brightness LED
`device for direct DC power operation . Each single voltage
`LED circuit has at least two LEDs connected to each other
`in series . Each single voltage LED circuit is designed to be
`driven with a predetermined forward voltage and preferably
`matching forward voltages for each circuit such as 12 VDC ,
`24 VDC , 120 VDC , or other DC voltage levels for each
`single voltage LED circuit . Each multi - voltage and / or multi
`brightness LED device would be able to be driven with at
`least two different DC forward voltages resulting in a first
`forward voltage drive level when the two single voltage
`LED circuits are connected in parallel and a second forward
`voltage drive level that is twice the level of the first forward
`voltage drive level when the at least two LED circuits are
`connected in series .
`( 0030 ) According to another aspect of the invention a
`multi - voltage and / or multi - current AC LED circuit is inte
`grated within a single chip LED . Each multi - voltage and / or
`multi - current single chip AC LED LED comprises at least
`two single voltage AC LED circuits . Each single voltage AC
`LED circuit has at least two LEDs in anti - parallel configu
`ration to accommodate direct AC voltage operation . Each
`single voltage AC LED circuit may have may have at least
`one voltage input electrical contact at each opposing end of
`the circuit or the at least two single voltage AC LED circuits
`may be electrically connected together in series on the single
`chip and have at least one voltage input electrical contact at
`each opposing end of the two series connected single voltage
`AC LED circuits and one voltage input electrical contact at
`the center junction of the at least two single voltage AC LED
`circuits connected in series . The at least two single voltage
`AC LED circuits are integrated within a single chip to form
`a multi - voltage and / or multi - current single chip AC LED .
`[ 0031 ] According to another aspect of the invention , at
`least one multi - voltage and / or multi - brightness LED devices
`may be integrated within a LED lamp . The at least two
`individual LED circuits within the multi - voltage and / or
`multi - brightness LED device ( s ) may be wired in a series or
`parallel circuit configuration by the LED packager during
`the LED packaging process thus providing for at least two
`forward voltage drive options , for example 12 VAC and 24
`VAC or 120 VAC and 240 VAC that can be selected by the
`LED packager .
`[ 0032 ] According to another aspect of the invention a
`multi - voltage and / or multi - current AC LED package is
`provided , comprising at least one multi - voltage and / or
`multi - current single chip AC LED integrated within a LED
`package . The multi - voltage and / or multi - current AC LED
`package provides matching electrical connectivity pads on
`the exterior of the LED package to the electrical connectiv
`ity pads of the at least one multi - voltage and / or multi - current
`single chip AC LED integrated within the LED package thus
`allowing the LED package user to wire the multi - voltage
`and / or multi - current AC LED package into a series or
`parallel circuit configuration during the PCB assembly pro
`cess or final product integration process and further provid
`ing a AC LED package with at least two forward voltage
`drive options .
`[ 0033
`According to another aspect of the invention mul
`tiple individual discrete LED chips are used to form at least
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`US 2019 / 0182919 A1
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`Jun . 13 , 2019
`
`one multi - voltage and / or multi - current AC LED circuit
`within a LED package thus providing a multi - voltage and / or
`multi current AC LED package . Each multi - voltage and / or
`multi - current AC LED circuit within the package comprises
`at least two single voltage AC LED circuits . Each single
`voltage AC LED circuit has at least two LEDs in anti
`parallel configuration to accommodate direct AC voltage
`operation The LED package provides electrical connectivity
`pads on the exterior of the LED package that match the
`electrical connectivity pads of the at least two single voltage
`AC LED circuits integrated within the multi - voltage and / or
`multi - current AC LED package thus allowing the LED
`package to be wired into a series or parallel circuit configu
`ration during the PCB assembly process and further provid
`ing a LED package with at least two forward voltage drive
`options .
`[ 0034 ] According to another aspect of the invention a
`multi - voltage and / or multi - current single chip AC LED
`and / or multi - voltage and / or multi current AC LED package
`is integrated within an LED lamp . The LED lamp having a
`structure that comprises a heat sink , a lens cover and a
`standard lamp electrical base . The multi - voltage and / or
`multi - current single chip AC LED and / or package is con
`figured to provide a means of switching on at least one
`additional single voltage AC LED circuit within multi
`voltage and / or multi - current AC LED circuit to provide
`increased brightness from the LED lamp .
`[ 0035 ] According to anther broad aspect of the invention
`at least one multi - current AC LED single chip is integrated
`within a LED package .
`10036 ]
`According to another aspect of the invention , at
`least one single chip multi - current LED bridge circuit is
`integrated within a LED lamp having a standard lamp base .
`The single chip multi - current LED bridge circuit may be
`electrically connected together in parallel configuration but
`left open to accommodate switching on a switch to the more
`than one on the single chip and have at least one accessible
`electrical contact at each opposing end of the two series
`connected circuits and one accessible electrical contact at
`the center junction of the at least two individual serially
`connected LED circuits . The at least two individual circuits
`are integrated within a single chip .
`0037 ] According to another aspect of the invention When
`the at least two circuits are left unconnected on the single
`chip and provide electrical pads for connectivity during the
`packaging process , the LED packager may wire them into
`series or parallel connection based on the desired voltage
`level specification of the end LED package product offering .
`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
`[ 0038 ] FIG . 1 shows a schematic view of a preferred
`embodiment of the invention ;
`[ 0039 ] FIG . 2 shows a schematic view of a preferred
`embodiment of the invention ;
`[ 0040 ] FIG . 3 shows a schematic view of a preferred
`embodiment of the invention ;
`[ 0041 ] FIG . 4 shows a schematic view of a preferred
`embodiment of the invention ;
`[ 0042 ] FIG . 5 shows a schematic view of a preferred
`embodiment of the invention ;
`[ 0043 ] FIG . 6 shows a sc