PLDIDE 94(9) 1073-1172(2010)
`ISSN 0191-2917
`VOLUME 94, NUMBER9
`Saies)
`
`lant disease
`
`Syngenta v. UPL, PGR2023-00017
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`AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNALOF APPLIED PLANT PATHOLOGY
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`SYNGENTA EXHIBIT 1010
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`SYNGENTA EXHIBIT 1010
`Syngenta v. UPL, PGR2023-00017
`
`

`

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`
`
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`An Official Journal of The American Phytopathological Society
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`September 201 O
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`FOCUS
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`Volume 94, Number 9
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`1075 The Latest in Plant Pathology and Nematology
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`
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`FEATURE
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`1076 Mancozeb: Past, Present, and Future. M. L. Gu/lino, F. Tinivella, A. Garibaldi,
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`G. M. Kemmitt, L. Bacci, and B. Sheppard
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`RESEARCH
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`of Macrophomina phaseolina Conidia by Multiple Soybean
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`1088 Production
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`Isolates in Culture. J. Ma, C. B. Hill, and G. L. Hartman
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`1093 Increased Severity of Foliar Diseases of Sweet Corn Infected with Maize
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`Dwarf Mosaic and Sugarcane Mosaic Viruses. M. D. Meyer, and J. K. Pataky
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`1100 Direct Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection of Cercospora beticola
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`in Field Soils. R. T. Lartey, T. C. Caesar-TonThat, A. W Lenssen, J. Eckhoff,
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`S. L. Hanson, and R. G. Evans
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`1105 Specific Light-Emitting Diodes Can Suppress Sporulation of Podosphaera
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`pannosa on Greenhouse Roses. A. Suthaparan, S. Torre, A. Stensvand,
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`M. L. Herrero, R. I. Pettersen,
`D. M. Gadoury, and H. R. Gisler¢d
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`1111 Influence of Host Resistance on Stewart's Wilt Forecasts and Probability of
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`Exceeding Thresholds for Use of Seed-Treatment Insecticides on Sweet Corn.
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`M. D. Meyer, J. K. Pataky, D. K. Joos, R. W Esgar, and B. R. Henry
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`and on on Disease Incidence 1118 Effect of Sclerotium Density and Irrigation
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`Efficacy of Coniothyrium minitans in Suppressing Lettuce Drop Caused by
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`Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. P. Chitrampalam, T. A. Turini, M. E. Matheron,
`and B. M. Pryor
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`COVER
`(Clockwise from upper left): Systemic Stewart's
`wilt, caused by Pantoea stewartii subsp. stew­
`artii, on corn (courtesy M. D. Meyer et al., see
`page 111 I); early symptom of leaf blight of the
`air plant Tillandsia tenuifolia caused by Stachy­
`botrys char/arum (courtesy G.-H. Zhao et al.,
`ee page 1166); leaves and stems of lemon balm
`heavily infected with Golovinomyces biocellatus
`(courtesy E. Kassai-Jager et al., see page 1169).
`
`Publisher
`STEVEN C. NELSON
`
`Director of Publications, Production
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`KAREN CUMMINGS
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`Technical Editors
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`DIANA ROEDER
`JAN KUHN
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`Production Supervisor
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`PATTI EK
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`
`mosaic virus. 1125 An Experimental Host Range for Triticum
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`T. J. Martin, and J. P. Fellers
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`D. L. Seifers,
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`1132 A New Potyvirus
`sp. Infects Verbena Exhibiting Leaf Mottling Symptoms.
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`J. Kraus, S. Cleveland, M. L. Putnam,
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`
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`and I.E. Tzanetakis K. E. Keller, R.R. Martin,
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`Isolates of of Carbendazim-Resistant 1137 Identification and Characterization
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`
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`Gibberella zeae. X. Liu, Y. Yin, J. Wu, J. Jiang, and Z. Ma
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`Journals Records Coordinator
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`of Chrysoporthe cubensis on Eucalyptus and
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`
`
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`1143 Identification and Pathogenicity
`INA PFEFER
`Syzygium
`spp. in South China. S. F. Chen, M. Gryzenhout,
`J. Roux, Y. J. Xie,
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`M. J. Wingfield, and X. D. Zhou
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`Circulation Coordinator
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`by Released Clones of Gibberella zeae
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`1151 Local Distance of Wheat Spike Infection
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`Disseminated from Infested Corn Residue. M. D. Keller, K. D. Waxman,
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`G. C. Bergstrom, and D. G. Schmale III
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`1156 Phenolic Responses of Resistant and Susceptible Olive Cultivars Induced by
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`Defoliating and Nondefoliating Verticillium dahliae Pathotypes.
`E. A. Markakis,
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`and E. C. Tjamos S. E. Tjamos, P. P. Antoniou, P. A. Roussos, E. J. Paplomatas,
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`DISEASE NOTES
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`on African Oil 1163 First Report of Bud Rot Caused by Phytophthora palmivora
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`Palm in Colombia. G. A. Torres, G. A. Sarria, F. Varon, M. D. Coffey,
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`M. L. Elliott, and G. Martinez
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`1163 First Report of Fusarium Wilt of Lavandula pubescens Caused by Fusarium
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`oxysporum in Saudi Arabia. K. Perveen and N. Bokhari
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`in Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in China
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`1163 First Detection of Virulence
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`to Resistance Genes Yr24 (=Yr26) Present in Wheat Cultivar Chuanmai 42.
`T. G. Liu, Y. L. Peng, W Q. Chen, and Z. Y. Zhang
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`1164 First Report of Root and Basal Rot of Angelica acutiloba Caused by Fusarium
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`solani in Taiwan. L. L. Chern, C. T. Feng, C. H. Yt1, and W C. Ho
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`Plant Disease/ September 201 0 1073
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`1164 First Report and Confirmed Distribution of Soybean Sudden Death
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`Plant Disease Reporter,
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`Syndrome Caused by Fusarium virguliforme in Southern Michigan.
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`Pseudomonas
`1164 A New Disease, Bacterial Leaf Spot of Rape, Caused by Atypical
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`viridijlava
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`in South Korea. /.-S. Myung, Y.-K. Lee, S. W lee,
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`1165 First Report of Brown Ring Patch Caused by Waitea circinata var. circinata
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`J. P. Kerns, P. L. Koch,
`B. P. Horgan, C. M. Chen, and F. P. Wong
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`quinquenervia by Melaleuca Trees to Attack by the
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`1165 Differential Response
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`Rust Fungus Puccinia psidii in Florida.
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`1166 First Report of Brown Rot Caused by Mo11ili11iafructicola
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`Affecting Peach
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`Orchards in Slovenia.
`A. Munda and M. Virscek Marn
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`Causing Leaf Blight of Tillandsia 1166 First Report of Stachybotrys chartarwn
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`in China. G.-H. Zhao, D.-W. Li, J.-H. Jiang, and J. Peng
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`Perennial Weed 1166 First Report of Anthracnose Stem Canker of the Invasive
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`higgi11sia11um Lepidium draba Caused by Colletotrichum in Europe.
`A. J. Caesar, R. T. Lartey, and T. Caesar-TonThat
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`1167 First Report of Calosphaeria pulchella Associated with Branch Dieback of
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`Sweet Cherry Trees in California.
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`1168 First Report of Black Root Rot Caused by T hielaviopsis basicola
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`Soybean (Glycine max) in Arkansas.
`W S. Monfort, A. G. Carroll,
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`L.-H. Huang, H.-H. Tseng, J.-T. Li, and T.-C. Chen
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`Cucurbits in virus Infecting 1168 First Report of Cucurbit chlorotic yellows
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`1168 First Report of Altemaria carotiincultae
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`on Carrot Seed Produced in New
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`1169 First Report of Powdery Mildew on Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis)
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`Caused
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`1170 First Report of Phytophthora ramorum Infecting California Red Fir
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`oxysporum 1170 First Report of Fusarium Wilt Caused by Fusarium
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`f. sp. basilici
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`on Ocimum minimum in Portugal. M. Felgueiras, A. Dias, G. Chicau,
`M. Berbegal, M. Le6n, and J. Armengol
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`1170 First Report of Puccinia kuehnii, Causal Agent of Orange Rust of Sugarcane,
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`1171 First Report of Root and Stem Rot Caused by Phytophthora 11icotia11ae
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`1172 First Report of Tomato torrado virus Infecting
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`Tomato in Italy. S. Davino,
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`1172 First Report of Southern Blight on Canadian Goldenrod
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`Caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in China. W Tang, Y. Z. Zhu, H. Q. He,
`and S. Qiang
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`1074 Plant Disease/ Vol. 94 No. 9
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`
`
`Plant Disease Board
`
`Editor-in-Chief R. Michael Davis University of California Davis, CA 95616
`
`Feature Editor
`James J. Farrar
`California State University
`Fresno, CA 93740-8033
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`Disease Notes Assigning Editors
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`PLANT DISEASE is an official monthly publication of The American Phytopathological Society. This international journal of applied plant
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`

`

`In
`
`,...,...,s
`C
`
`II s
`
`Maria Lodovica G u l l i no, Federico Tinivella, and
`
`Angelo Garibaldi
`
`
`Agroinnova, U niversity of Torino, Tur i n , Italy
`
`G regory M. Kemmitt
`
`Dow AgroSciences, E u ropean Deve l opment Center,
`
`Abingdon, Oxfordshire, U K
`
`Leonardo Bacci
`
`
`
`Dow AgroSciences Italia srl, Bologna, Italy
`
`Brian Sheppard
`
`Dow AgroSciences, P u nta Gorda, FL 33950, U SA
`
`This feature reviews the broad-spectrum fungicide mancozeb.
`Introduced in 1 962, it stil l plays a significant role in the world
`fungicide market. Mancozeb possesses a number of key attributes
`that have contributed toward its development into a globally impor­
`tant tool in modern chemical-based plant disease management.
`These attributes are discussed from the perspective of both public
`and private research.
`
`not fungicidal in itself, and only when the compound was exposed
`to the air and converted into a fungitoxic active compound did it
`exhibit fungitoxicity. Nabam's high water solubility and relative
`instability meant that performance was somewhat variable (26).
`Heuberger and Manns (79) discovered that adding zinc sulfate to
`the spray tank had a stabilizing effect on the nabam. The new liq­
`uid product was commercialized in 1 944 and given the trade name
`Dithane D- 1 4 (26). From this point forward, utilization of the com­
`History and Role of Mancozeb in Disease Management
`
`
`pound by growers accelerated rapidly, and it became widely
`Dithiocarbamate development. For a review of the develop­
`adopted for management of many vegetable diseases and gained
`particular popularity with potato growers in the United States,
`ment of mancozeb, it is useful to review the history of the develop­
`where it rapidly replaced Bordeaux m ixture. The reaction product
`ment of the dithiocarbarnates as a group. McCallan ( 1 1 9) produced
`that formed in the spray tank when zinc sulfate was added to na­
`an excellent review of this class of products at a time when they
`bam was zinc ethylene bisdithiocarbamate (zineb). Field tests in
`were becoming established as key tools for the management of
`1 945 showed zineb to be a stable and superior fungicide, and it wa
`plant diseases. Dithlocarbamate-type compounds were originally
`rapidly commercialized under the trade name Di thane Z-78. In
`used as accelerators in the rubber vulcanization process ( 1 1 9). The
`1 947, national cooperative potato fungicide trials were organized
`first derivative of a dithiocarbarnate to achieve prominence as a
`in the United States and tested over a 3-year period. In the e stud­
`fungicide was
`tetramethylthluram disulfide, more commonly
`ies, nabam and zineb consistently proved their efficacy for control
`known as thiram, for which a patent was granted in 1 934 (200).
`of late blight caused by P hytophthora infestans and early blight
`Thiram was demonstrated to be an effective seed dressing by
`caused by Alternaria solani on potato. In the following decade,
`Muskett and Calhoun ( 1 45), and Harrington (77) demonstrated
`nabam and zineb were rapidly adopted by growers in a wide range
`thiram's util ity for control of turf diseases. Thiram was not a par­
`of crops. By 1 953, the two products combined were being used on
`ticularly strong product when applied as a foliar spray, and the next
`75% of the total U.S. potato hectarage (26). Other significant U.S.
`generation of more active molecules based on metal salts of dithio­
`uses were on tomatoes, onions, carrots, cucurbits, celery, hops,
`carbamic acid was soon to appear. Ferric d imethyl dithlocarbamate
`spinach, beets, beans, peppers, tobacco, cherries, sweet com, and
`(ferbam) was first reported by Anderson (6) and independently by
`pecans. In Europe, zineb became well established for control of
`Kincaid ( 1 0 1 ). It gave good control of orchard diseases and gained
`grape downy mildew (P lasmopara viticola) and apple scab (Ven­
`wide acceptance as a spray for ornamentals due, in part, to the fact
`turia inaequalis). In 1 952, Rohm and Haas started to operate a
`that its potential for phytotoxicity was significantly less than those
`commercial plant in France for the manufacture of Di thane.
`of copper or sulfur sprays. Following ferbam was the closely re­
`The development of new EBDCs continued apace, and DuPont
`lated ziram (zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate), which was found to be
`was granted a patent for manganese ethylene bisdithiocarbamate
`more useful on vegetable crops (80,2 1 1 ) .
`(maneb) in 1 950 (6 1 ). Maneb was more active than nabam or zineb
`The first dithiocarbamates were prepared from a monoamine and
`and raised the bar for performance yet further. In 1 962, Rohm and
`carbon disulfide. In 1 940, W. F. Hester of Rohm and Haas, Inc.,
`Haas registered the zinc ion complex of maneb (mancozeb), which
`prepared a dithiocarbamate from a diamine. Hester's compound,
`was to become the most important and commercially significant of
`disodium ethylene bisdithiocarbamate (nabam), can be considered
`all the EBDCs. Two further alkylene bisdithiocarbamate fungicides
`the first true ethylene bisdithiocarbamate (EBDC). A patent was
`were also developed at around the same time as mancozeb. Pro­
`awarded on the compound in 1 943, and the first published scien­
`pineb was first reported in 1 963, and metiram was first introduced
`tific report appeared in print in the same year (46). Nabam was
`into Germany by BASF around 1 958 (20 1 ). By the mid- 1 960s, the
`unstable as a solid and had to be used in liquid form. Thirteen
`EBDC fungicides were considered to be the most important and
`years after its introduction, it was demonstrated that nabam was
`versatile group of organic fungicides yet discovered ( 1 1 9) . This
`situation led to the development of mancozeb. In the intervening 46
`years since commercialization, mancozeb has been developed in
`over 70 crops for the control of numerous fungal plant pathogens.
`Key representative uses for mancozeb spectrum and utility are
`found aero s a cosmopolitan range of plant groups and fungal dis­
`eases (Table 1 ). This theme will be discussed in more detail later in
`this paper. As a succes ful commodity product, mancozeb is cur­
`rently produced by numerous manufacturers around the world.
`
`Corresponding author: M . L. Gullino, Agroinnova, University of Totino, Via
`Leonardo da Vinci, 44, 1 00095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy;
`E-mail: marialodovica.gullino@unito.it
`
`doi : 1 0. 1 094/PDI S-94-9- 1 076
`© 20 1 0 The American Phytopathological Society
`
`1 076 Plant Disease / Vol. 94 No. 9
`
`

`

`the leading registrant and
`Dow AgroSciences (DAS) operates a
`producer fol lowing its acquisition of the molecule with its purchase
`of the Rohm and Haas agrochemical business in 200 1 . Mancozeb
`has become an internationally traded product, and DAS currently
`supports registrations and uses for mancozeb in almost 1 20 coun­
`tries worldwide. Until 2004, mancozeb was the primary fungicidal
`active ingredient a measured by total annual sales (48). In 2007,
`global sales were around US$500 million, second only to tebu­
`conazole with $525 million (48). If we consider the value of sales
`of co-formulations of mancozeb with other fungicides, this figure
`rises to approximately $740 million in 2007 (48). During a long
`history of commercialization and continuous development, numer­
`ous different formulations of mancozeb have been developed for
`specific crop uses and markets around the world. Although use of
`mancozeb alone is sti l l significant, around 33% of the active ingre­
`dient sold in 2007 was applied in co-formulation with another
`active ingredient, usually a systemic single-site inhibitor, e.g., me­
`fenoxam. Mancozeb is typically included in these mixtures as a
`tool to help with resistance management and to broaden the pec­
`trum of the product. Representative examples of key mancozeb
`mixture partners include benalaxyl, benalaxyl M (kiralaxyl), ben­
`thiavalicarb, copper, cymoxanil, dimethomorph, famoxadone, fena­
`midone, folpet, fenbuconazole, fosetyl-aluminum, iprovalicarb,
`mandipropamid, mefenoxam, metalaxyl, myclobutanil, sulfur, and
`zoxamide.
`
`Table I. Key representative uses of mancozeb
`
`
`Crop
`Major disease
`Pathogen controlled
`Early blight
`Potato
`A lternaria solani
`Late blight
`Phytophtlwra infestans
`Early blight
`Tomato
`Altemaria solani
`Late blight
`Phytophthora infestans
`Leaf pot
`Septoria lycopersici
`Leaf mold
`Cladosporium fulvum
`A nthracnose
`Colletotrichum coccodes
`
`Bacterial speck
`Pseudomonas syringae
`and spot
`Xamhomonas campestris
`Downy mildew
`Grapevine
`P/asmopara viticola
`Black rot
`Guignardia bidwel/ii
`Rotbrenner
`Pseudopezicula tracheiphi/a
`Phomopsis
`Phomopsis viticola
`Anthracnose
`Colletotrichum spp.
`Citrus
`Black spot
`Guignardia citricarpa
`Melanose
`Diaporthe cirri
`Brown rot
`Phytophthora spp.
`Scab
`Pome fruit
`Venturia inaequalis
`Banana
`Black sigatoka
`Mycosphaerella fijiensis
`Downy mildew
`Cucurbits
`Pseudoperonospora cubensis
`Anthracnose
`Colletotrichum orbiculare
`Alternaria
`A ltemaria altemata
`Gummy stem blight
`Didymella bryoniae
`
`
`Bacterial di ease Xanthomonas campestris pv.
`cucurbitae, Pseudomonas
`syringae
`
`Lettuce Downy mildew
`Bremia /actucae
`Downy mildew
`Onions
`Peronospora destructor
`Gray mold
`Botrytis squamosa
`Rust
`Stone fruit
`Tranzschelia discolor
`Rust
`Corn
`Puccinia sorghi
`Helminthosporium
`Helmimhosporium maydis
`leaf blight
`Downy mildew
`Crucifers
`Peronospora parasitica
`Wheat
`Leaf spot
`Mycosphaerel/a graminicola
`Mangoes
`Anthracnose
`Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
`Peanuts
`
`Cercospora leaf spot
`Cercospora arachidicola
`Sugarbeet
`
`Cercospora leaf spot
`Cercospora beticola
`
`Multiple diseases
`Turf and
`ornamentals
`
`Mode of Action and Spectrum of Activity
`Chemistry and biochemical mode of action. Mancozeb [ [ l ,2-
`ethanediylbis]carbamodithioate] ] (2-)]manganese mixture with
`[ [ 1 ,2-ethanediylbis[carbamodithioate)](2-)zinc belongs to the di­
`thiocarbamate grouping of fungicides and more specifically to the
`class of compounds known as ethylene bisdithiocarbamates
`(EBDCs). This group of compounds also includes mancozeb's close
`relatives: maneb, metiram, propineb, and zineb (Fig. 1 ). Mancozeb
`
`MA COZEB
`
`s
`
`II H2
`/ c
`/ c
`"-
`"-
`
`H
`
`/ N
`"-
`
`�
`
`H
`N
`
`C
`H2
`
`Mn++
`(Zn)y
`/ s·
`
`C
`
`II
`
`x:y = 1 :0.091
`
`X
`
`MANEB
`
`H
`
`Mn++
`
`s
`II
`H2
`·s/c"- N/ c"- c/ N"- c/ s·
`II
`
`H
`
`H2
`
`X
`
`METIRAM
`
`X
`
`PROPINEB
`
`ZfNEB
`
`X
`
`Zn++
`
`X
`
`Fig. 1 . Structural formula of mancozeb and related compounds.
`
`Plant Disease/ September 201 0 1077
`
`

`

`is classified by the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee
`(FRAC) in mode-of-action group M (Multi Site Action). Mancozeb
`itself is not fungicidal and can effectively be considered a pro­
`fungicide which, when exposed to water, breaks down to release
`ethylene bisisothiocyanate ulfide (EBIS), which i then converted
`via the action of UV light into ethylene bisisothiocyanate (EBI).
`Both EBIS and EBI are believed to be the active toxicants and are
`thought to interfere with enzymes containing sulphydryl groups.
`This fatal disruption of core enzymatic processes is postulated to
`inhibit or interfere with at least six different biochemical processes
`within the fungal cell cytoplasm and mitochondria (92, 1 1 3).
`Biological activity. The direct effect of mancozeb upon core
`biochemical proce ses within the fungus results in inhibition of
`spore germination ( 1 95,2 1 0,2 1 3). Mancozeb displays the charac­
`teristics of a typical multi-site protectant-only fungicide, in that
`following application onto the target plant, the compound remains
`
`on the leaf surface and does not penetrate through the cuticle to
`where systemic redistribution can occur (9 1 ). This is clearly impor­
`tant because penetration of a general toxophore such as mancozeb
`into plant cells would likely cause phytotoxicity. Fortunately, man­
`cozeb has an excellent record of crop safety over a wide range of
`crops and environmental conditions. Mancozeb does not how
`curative properties when sprayed onto plants where disease has
`already established. It is assumed this is due to the fact that disease
`is already established inside the plant tissue where mancozeb can­
`not penetrate.
`The rate of breakdown of mancozeb into EBIS and EBI can di­
`rectly affect the residual activity of the compound on plant foliage.
`Each mancozeb particle consi ts of a zinc-rich shell surrounding a
`central nucleus of polymer-structured EBDC. This structure is
`extremely stable, and the low solubility of the zinc shell means
`EBDC can pass through this layer and be deposited on the leaf
`
`Table 2. Effectiveness (%) of mancozeb applied alone for the control of key pathogens on different crops
`
`Pathogen
`
`Crop
`
`Dose
`(g a.iJha)
`
`Effectiveness
`( % )•
`
`Reference
`
`Phylum/
`Kingdom
`
`Oomycetes
`
`Onion (Allium cepa L.)
`Peronospora destructor
`Mustard (Brassicajuncea L.)
`Albugo cruciferarum
`Rocket (Eruca sativa L.)
`Peronospora parasitica
`Pseudoperonospora cubensis Melon (Cucumis me/a L.)
`Cucumber (Cuc11111is satil'us L.)
`Pseudoperonospora cubensis
`Luffa vine (Lu/fa acutangula L.)
`Pse11dopero11ospora cube11sis
`Apple (Ma/us spp.)
`Phytophthora cactorum
`Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa)
`Phytophthora fragariae
`Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)
`Bremia /actucae
`Chick-pea (Cicer arietinw11 L.)
`Phytop/zthora l'ignae
`Potato (So/anum tuberos111n L.)
`Phytophthora i11festa11s
`
`400-5.600
`2,000
`1,280
`1.600
`1,600
`1 ,125-2,500
`2,240
`4,000-8,000
`1,440-1,600
`1,440
`1,360-3,000
`
`Phytophthora infestans
`Plasmopara viticola
`
`Tomato (Solanum lycopersicu111 L.)
`Vine ( Vitis vi11ifera L.)
`
`2,500-3,000
`800-3,600
`
`Ascomycetes
`
`Peronospora belbalzrii
`Peronospora sparsa
`Guignardia citricarpa
`Claviceps africana
`Podosphaera xcmthii
`
`Didyme/La b1)'011iae
`Didymella bryoniae
`Taphrina deformcms
`Venturia inaequa/is
`
`Basil (Ocimum basilic11111 L.)
`Rose (Rosa spp.)
`Orange (Citrus si11e11sis L.)
`Sorghum (Sorghum vulgare L.)
`Watermelon
`(Citrullus lanatus Thunb.)
`Watermelon
`Melon
`Peach (Pnmus persica L.)
`Apple
`
`1,600
`1,440
`1,600-2,400
`1,500
`2,550
`
`2,520
`1.400
`1,600-2,500
`2,500-5,200
`
`50 ± 32
`83
`97
`62 ± 21
`50 ± 2
`53 ± 18
`60 ± 17
`46 ± 31
`52 ± 41
`50
`73 ± 22
`
`61 ± 26
`79 ± 22
`
`54 ± 10
`I I
`64 ± 30
`68
`41 ± 14
`
`33 ± 31
`87 ± 10
`75 ± 16
`66 ± 20
`
`43, 86. 162, 186
`189
`131
`11, 100, 116
`135
`93
`158
`140
`62, 209
`59
`7, 23, 39, 57. 134, 146,
`192
`13, 66, 152, 202
`l, 7, 8, 31, 40. 47, 51, 52.
`53. 54, 65, 75. 114, 136,
`137, 138, 139, 143. 156.
`157, 160, 167. 208
`133
`151
`41. 170. 171
`164
`98
`
`84, 97. 168
`100, 168
`122, 175, 1 96
`9, 55, 104. 105, 150, 172,
`203. 2 1 5
`9, 29
`
`Gloeodes pomigena and
`Zygophiala jamaicensis
`Botryosphaeria obtusa
`Aureobasidium pullulans
`Microdochium panattoniana
`Mycosphaerella arac/zidis
`Heterosporium echi11ulat111n
`Deuteromycetes Altemaria spp.
`
`Bot1)'tis spp.
`Altemaria porri
`Stemphyliwn vesicarium
`Altemaria porri
`Stemphylium ,•esicarium
`Altemaria brassicae
`Altemaria bmssicae
`Alternaria dauci
`Sept0ria apiicola
`Septoria spp.
`Fusarium graminearwn
`Bipolaris ory:ae
`
`Apple
`
`3.554
`
`67
`
`Apple
`Pear (Pyrus spp.)
`Lettuce
`Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
`Carnation (Dianthus spp.)
`Tangelo (Citrus tangelo, C. reticulata
`Blanco x C. paradisi