• err1am-
`ebster's
`Collegiate®
`Dictionary
`
`TENTH EDITION
`
`Merriam-Webster, Incorporated
`Springfield, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
`
`SYNGENTA EXHIBIT 1047
`Syngenta v. UPL, PGR2023-00017
`
`

`

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`Copyright © 1998 by Merriam-Webster, Incorporated
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`Philippines Copyright 1998 by Merriam-Webster, Incorporated
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`Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
`Main entry under title:
`
`10th ed.
`
`Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary. -
`p.
`cm.
`Includes index.
`ISBN 0-87779-709-9 (indexed :
`ISBN 0-87779-708-0 (unindexed : alk. paper). -
`ISBN
`ISBN 0-87779-710-2 (deluxe indexed : alk . paper). -
`alk. paper). -
`0~87779-707-2 (laminated cover, unindexed).
`1. English language-Dictionaries.
`I. Merriam-Webster, Inc.
`PE I 628.M36
`1998
`423-dc21
`
`97-41846
`CIP
`
`Merriam-Webster's Collegiate® Dictionary, Tenth Edition principal copyright 1993
`
`COLLEGIATE is a registered trademark of Merriam-Webster, Incorporated
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`All rights reserved. No part of this book covered by the copyrights hereon may be
`reproduced or copied in any form or by any means-graphic, electronic, or mechani(cid:173)
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`without written permission of the publisher.
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`Made in the United States of America
`
`21222324RMcN98
`
`

`

`assimilationism • astarboard
`70
`instance of assimilating b : the state of being assimilated 2 : the
`incorporation or conversion of nutrients into protoplasm that in ani(cid:173)
`mals follows digestion and absorption and in higher plants involves
`both photosynthesis and root absorption 3 : change of a sound in
`speech so that it becomes identical with or similar to a neighboring
`sound (the usual ~ of \z\ to \sh\ in the phrase his shoe) 4 : the pro(cid:173)
`cess of receiving new facts or of responding to new situations in confor(cid:173)
`mity with what is already available to consciousness
`as0 sim0 i-la0 tion°ist \-sh(;i-)nist\ n (1899) : a person who advocates a
`policy of assimilating differing racial or cultural groups - as0 sim0 i-la(cid:173)
`tion°ism \-sh;i-,ni-z;im\ n - as0sim 0 i-la0 tion°ist adj
`as0 sim0 i-la0 tive \;i-'si-m;i-,la-tiv, -l;i-tiv\ adj (14c) : of, relating to, or
`causing assimilation
`as0 sim0 i-la0 to•ry \;i-'si-m;i-J;i-,tor-e, -,tor-\ adj (ca. 1847): ASSIMILATIVE
`As0sin°i0boin or As0sin°i0boine \;i-'si-n;i-,b6in\ n, pl -boin or -boins
`or boine or -boines (Ojibwa dial. assinipwa·n, lit., stone Sioux] ( 1804)
`: a member of an American Indian people orig. of the area between the
`upper Missouri and middle Saskatchewan rivers
`1as0sist \;i-'sist\ vb [MF or L; MF assister to help, stand by, fr. L assis(cid:173)
`at STAND] vt (15c): to give usu. supplementary support or aid to ~ vi
`tere, fr. ad- + sistere to cause to stand; akin to L stare to stand - more
`1: to give support or aid <~ed at the stove) (another surgeon ~ed on
`the operation) 2 : to be present as a spectator (the ideal figures ~ing
`at Italian holy scenes -Mary McCarthy)
`2assist n (I 597) 1 : an act of assistance : AID 2 : the action (as a
`throw or pass) of a player who enables a teammate to make a putout or
`score a goal; also : official credit given for such an action 3 : a me(cid:173)
`chanical device that provides assistance
`as0 sis0 tance \;i-'sis-t;in(t)s\ n (14c) : the act of assisting or the help
`supplied : AID (financial and technical~>
`as0 s1s0 tant \-t;int\ n (I Sc) : a person who assists : HELPER; also : a
`person holding an assistantship - assistant adj
`assistant professor n (1851) : a member of a college or university
`faculty who ranks above an instructor and below an associate professor
`- assistant professorship n
`as0 sis0 tant0ship \;i-'sis-t;in(t)-,ship\ n (1948) : a paid appointment
`awarded annually to a qualified graduate student that requires parts
`time teaching, research, or residence hall duties
`as0 size \;i-'siz\ n [ME assise, fr. OF, session, settlement, fr. asseoir to
`seat, fr. (assumedJ VL assedere, fr. L assidere to sit beside, assist in the
`office of a judge, fr. ad- + sedere to sit - more at SIT] (14c) 1 a : a
`judicial inquest b : an action to be decided by such an inquest, the
`writ for instituting it, or the verdict or finding rendered by the jury 2
`a : the former periodical sessions of the superior courts in English
`usu. used in pl. b : the
`counties for trial of civil and criminal cases -
`time or place of holding such a court, the court itself, or a session of it
`-
`usu. used in pl.
`1as0so0ci0 ate \;i-'so-she-,at, -se-\ vb -at0ed; -at0 ing fME associat associ(cid:173)
`ated, fr. L associatus, pp. of associare to unite, fr. aa- + sociare to join,
`fr. socius companion - more at SOCIAL] vt (14c) 1 : to join as a part(cid:173)
`ner, friend, or companion 2 obs : to keep company with : ATTEND 3
`: to join or connect together : COMBINE 4 : to bring together or into
`relat10nship in any of various intangible ways (as in memory or imagi(cid:173)
`panions 2: to combine or join with other parts : UNITE syn see JOIN
`2as-so-ciate \;i-'so-she-;it, -se-, -,at, -sh;it\ adj (14c) 1 : closely con(cid:173)
`nected (as in function or office) with another 2 : closely related esp. in
`the mind 3: having secondary or subordinate status(~ membership
`in a society)
`3as-so-ciate \same as 2\ n (1533) 1 : one associated with another: as
`a : PARTNER, COLLEAGUE b : COMPANION, COMRADE 2 a : an entry<
`level member (as of a learned society, professional organization, or
`profession) b : EMPLOYEE, WORKER 3 often cap : a degree conferred
`esp. by a junior college<~ in arts) - as0 so-ciate0 ship \-,ship\ n
`associate professor n (1822) : a member of a college or university
`faculty who ranks above an assistant professor and below a professor
`- associate professorship n
`as0 so0 ci0a 0 tion \;i-,so-se-'a-sh;in, -she-\ n (1535) 1 a: the act of asso(cid:173)
`ciating b: the state of being associated : COMBINATION, RELATIONSHIP
`2 : an organization of persons having a common interest : SOCIETY 3
`: something linked in memory or imagination with a thing or person
`4: the process of forming mental connections or bonds between sensa(cid:173)
`tions, ideas, or memories S : the aggregation of chemical species to
`form (as with hydrogen bonds) loosely bound complexes 6 : a major
`unit in ecological community organization characterized by essential
`as0 so0 ci 0a(cid:173)
`uniformity and usu. by two or more dominant species -
`tion°al \-sh(;i-)n•l\ adj
`association area n (ca. 1909) : an area of the cerebral cortex that
`functions in linking and coordinating the sensory and motor areas
`association football n (1873): SOCCER
`as0 so0 ci0a 0 tion-ism \;i-,so-se-'a-sh;i-,ni-z;im, -,so-she-\ n (1875) : a
`reductionist school of psychology that holds that the content of con(cid:173)
`sciousness can be explained by the association and reassociation of
`as0so•ci•a•tion°ist
`irreducible sensory and perceptual elements -
`\-'a-sh(;i-)nist\ n - as0 so0 ci0a 0 tion°is0 tic \-,a-sh;i-'nis-tik\ adj
`as0 so0 cia0tive \;i-'so-she-,a-tiv, -se-, -sb;i-tiv\ adj (1812) 1: of or relat(cid:173)
`ing to association esp. of ideas or images 2 : dependent on or ac(cid:173)
`quired by association or learning 3 : of, having, or being the property
`of producing the same result no matter which pair of elements next to
`each other in a mathematical expression is used to perform a given
`operation first if the elements in the expression are listed in a fixed
`order (addition is ~ since (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)) - as0so0 cia(cid:173)
`tive0 ly adv- as0so0cia-tiv0 i 0 ty \-,so-she-;i-'ti-v;i-te, -se-, -sh;i-'ti-\ n
`associative learning n (1957) : a learning process in which discrete
`ideas and percepts become linked to one another
`associative neuron n (1935) : a neuron that conveys impulses from
`one neuron to another
`as-soil \;i-'soifo)l\ vt [ME, fr. OF assoldre, fr. L absolvere to absolve]
`(13c) 1 archaic : ABSOLVE, PARDON 2 archaic: ACQUIT, CLEAR 3 ar(cid:173)
`chaic: EXPIATE- as0 soil0 ment \-m;int\ n, archaic
`as•SO•nance \'a-s;i-n;in(t)s\ n [F, fr. L assonare to answer with the same
`sound, fr. ad- + sonare to sound, fr. sonus sound - more at SOUND]
`( 1727) 1 : resemblance of sound in words or syllables 2 a : rela(cid:173)
`tively close juxtaposition of similar sounds esp. of vowels b : repeti-
`
`nation) ~ vi 1 : to come or be together as partners, friends, or com(cid:173)
`
`tion of vowels without repetition of consonants (as in stony and holy)
`as•SO•nant \-n;int\ adj or n
`used as an alternative to rhyme in verse -
`- as0so0nant0 al \,a-s;i-'nan-t•t\ adj
`as soon as conj ( 14c) : immediately at or shortly after the time that
`as-sort \;i-'s6rt\ vb [MF assortir, fr. a- (fr. L ad-) + sorte sort] vt (I Sc)
`1 : to distribute into groups of a like kind : CLASSIFY 2 : to supply
`
`with an assortment (as of goods) ~ vi 1 : to agree in kind : HARMO(cid:173)
`
`NIZE 2 : to keep company : ASSOCIATE - as0sort0er n
`as0 sor0 ta0 tive \;i-'sor-t;i-tiv\ adj (1897) : being nonrandom mating
`based on like or unlike characteristics - as0 sor0 ta0 tive0 ly \-le\ adv
`as0 sort0ed \-'s6r-t;id\ adj (ca. 1797) 1 : suited esp. by nature or char(cid:173)
`acter (an ill-assorted pair) 2 : consisting of various kinds (~ choco(cid:173)
`lates)
`as0 sort0ment \-'sort-m;int\ n (1611) 1 a : the act of assorting b
`: the state of being assorted 2 : a collection of assorted things or
`persons
`as0 suage \;i-'swaj also -'swazh or -'swazh\ vt as•suaged; as•suag•ing
`(ME aswagen, fr. OF assouagier, fr. (assumed) VL assuaviare, fr. L ad(cid:173)
`+ suavis sweet - more at SWEET] (14c) 1 : to lessen the intensity of
`(something that pains or distresses) : EASE 2 : PACIFY, QUIET 3 : to
`put an end to by satisfying : APPEASE, QUENCH syn see RELIEVE - as(cid:173)
`suage-ment \-m;int\ n
`as-sua-sive \;i-'swa-siv, -ziv\ adj (1708) : SOOTHING, CALMING
`as0 sume \;i-'siim\ vt as0 sumed; as0 sum0 ing fME, fr. L assumere, fr.
`ad- + sumere to take - more at CONSUME] O3c) 1 a: to take up or
`in : RECEIVE b : to take into partnership, employment, or use 2 a
`: to take to or upon oneself: UNDERTAKE b: PUT ON, DON 3: to take
`control of 4 : to pretend to have or be : FEIGN (assumed an air of
`confidence in spite of her dismay) S : to take as granted or true : SUP(cid:173)
`as0 sum(cid:173)
`POSE 6 : to take over (the debts of another) as one's own -
`abil-i0 ty \-,sii-m;i-'bi-l;i-te\ n - as0sum0 able \-'sii-m;i-b;il\ adj - as(cid:173)
`sum-ably \-ble\ adv
`syn ASSUME, AFFECT, PRETEND, SIMULATE, FEIGN, COUNTERFEIT, SHAM
`mean to put on a false or deceptive appearance. ASSUME often implies a
`justifiable motive rather than an intent to deceive (assumed an air of
`cheerfulness around the patients). AFFECT implies making a false show
`of possessing, using, or feeling (affected an interest in art). PRETEND
`implies an overt and sustained false appearance (pretended that noth(cid:173)
`ing had happened). SIMULATE suggests a close imitation of the appear(cid:173)
`ance of something (cosmetics that simulate a suntan). FEIGN implies
`more artful invention than PRETEND, less specific mimicry than SIMU(cid:173)
`LATE <feigned sickness). COUNTERFEIT implies achieving the highest
`degree of verisimilitude of any of these words (an actor counterfeiting
`drunkenness). SHAM implies an obvious falseness that fools only the
`gullible (shammed a most unconvincing limp).
`as-sum-ini adj ( 1695) : PRETENTIOUS, PRESUMPTUOUS
`as-sump-sit \;i-'s;im(p)-s;it\ n [NL, he undertook, fr. L assumere to
`undertake] (1590) 1: an express or implied promise or contract not
`under seal on which an action may be brought 2 a : a former com(cid:173)
`mon-law action brought to recover damages alleged from the breach of
`an assumpsit b : an action to recover damages for breach of a con(cid:173)
`tract
`as-sump•tion \;i-'s;im(p)-sh;m\ n [ME, fr. LL assumption-, assumptio
`taking up, fr. L assumere] (13c) 1 a: the taking up of a person into
`heaven b cap : August 15 observed in commemoration of the As(cid:173)
`sumption of the Virgin Mary 2: a taking to or upon oneself (the~ of
`a new position) 3 : the act of laying claim to or taking possession of
`something (the ~ of power) 4 : ARROGANCE, PRETENSION S a : an
`assuming that something is true b : a fact or statement (as a proposi(cid:173)
`tion, axiom, postulate, or notion) taken for granted 6 : the taking
`over of another's debts
`as•sump•tive \;i-'s;im(p)-tiv\ adj (161 I) : of, relating to, or based on
`assumption
`as0 sur0 ance \;i-'shur-;in(t)s\ n (14c) 1 : the act or action of assuring:
`as a : PLEDGE, GUARANTEE b : the act of conveying real property; also
`: the instrument by which it is conveyed c chiefly Brit: INSURANCE 2
`: the state of being assured: as a: SECURITY b : a being certain in the
`mind (the puritan's~ of salvation) c : confidence of mind or manner
`: easy freedom from self-doubt or uncertainty; also : excessive selfs
`confidence : BRASHNESS, PRESUMPTION 3 : something that inspires or
`tends to inspire confidence (gave repeated ~s of goodwill) syn see
`CONFIDENCE
`as-sure \;i-'shur\ vt as-sured; as0sur0 ing fME, fr. MF assurer, fr. ML
`assecurare, fr. Lad- + securus secure] (14c") 1: to make safe (as from
`risks or against overthrow) : INSURE 2 : to give confidence to (and
`hereby we know that we are of the truth, and shall~ our hearts -1 Jn
`3: 19 (AV)) 3 : to make sure or certain : CONVINCE (glancing back to
`~ himself no one was following) 4 : to inform positively (I ~ you
`that we will do better next time) S : to make certain the coming or
`attainment of : GUARANTEE (worked bard to ~ accuracy) syn see
`ENSURE
`'as-sured \;i-'shurd\ adj (15c) 1 : characterized by certainty or secu(cid:173)
`rity : GUARANTEED (an ~ market) 2 a : SELF-ASSURED b : SELF•
`SA TISF!ED 3 : satisfied as to the certainty or truth of a matter (rest ~
`
`we got what we came foi)\- as0 sured0 ness \-'shur-;id-n;is, -'shurd-\ n
`2assured n, pl assured or assureds (1755) : INSURED
`as-sured-ly \;i-'shur-;id-le\ adv (14c) 1: without a doubt: CERTAINLY
`2 : in an assured manner : CONFIDENTLY
`as-sur-er \;i-'sbur-;ir\ or as0 sur0or \;i-'shur-;ir, ;i-,shur-'or\ n (1607)
`: one that assures : INSURER
`as•sur-gent \;i-'s;ir-j;int\ adj [L assurgent-, assurgens, prp. of assurgere
`to rise, fr. ad- + surgere to rise - more at SURGE] (1578) : moving
`upward : RISING; esp : ASCENDANT 1 b
`As•sYr•i•an \;i-'sir-e-;in\ n (15c) 1 : a native or inhabitant of ancient
`Assrria 2 : the dialect of Akkadian spoken by the Assyrians - As(cid:173)
`syrian adj
`As-syr•i•ol-o•gy \;i-,sir-e-'a-l;i-je\ n (1828) : the science or study of the
`history, language, and antiquities of ancient Assyria and Babylonia -
`As•sYr•i•o•log•i•cal
`As-syr0 i-ol0 0°gist
`\-,sir-e-;i-'fa-ji-k;il\ adj -
`\-'a-l;i-jist\ n
`-ast n suffix [ME, fr. L -astes, fr. Gk -astes, fr. verbs in -azein] : one
`connected with (ecdysiast)
`astar•board \;i-'star-b;ird\ adv (ca. 1630): toward or on the starboard
`side of a ship (put the helm hard~)
`
`