Vol 70(3) 1·514 (2005)
`
`COMMUNICATIONS IN AGRICULTURAL AND
`APPLIED BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
`formerly known as
`MEDEDELINGEN FACULTEIT LANDBOUWKUNDIGE
`EN TOEGEPASTE BIOLOGISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN
`
`PUBUSHERS
`
`Professoren
`Pascal Boeckx
`Peter Bossier
`GuySmagghe
`Walter Steurbaut
`Els Van Damme
`Erick Vandamme
`Niko Verhoest
`
`EDITORIAL ADDRESS
`Coupure links 653
`9000 Gent (Belgium)
`
`Website: http://www.fbw.ugent/
`
`ISSN 1379-1176
`
`

`

`Comm. Appl. Biol. Sci, Ghent University, 70/3, 2005
`
`193
`
`ACTIVITY OF PLANT AND MINERAL OILS
`IN THE CONTROL OF
`PUCCINIA PELARGONII-ZONAUS
`
`A.T. WOJDYtA
`Research Institute of Pomology and Floriculture
`Pomologiczna 18, PL·96 100 Skiemiewice, Poland
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`Effectiveness of plant oils from com, olive, rape, soya and sunflower, oils recom·
`mended for plant protection (Dedal 90 EC, Olejan 80 EC) and mineral oils (Atpolan 80
`EC. lkar 95 EC, Olemix 84 EC and Promanal 60 EC) 1n the control of pelargonium
`rust (Puccinia pelargonif-zonalis) was studied. Oils were applied curatively as a plant
`spray at concentration 1%, 4 times at 7·day-tntervals. After 4-week experiment more
`than 11 uredta per leaf were noted on control plants. At the same time, on plants
`protected wtth oils from olive or soya, lkar 95 EC or Olemix 84 EC uredia number
`decreased at least 501/o. The other oils were not effective 1n a suppression of uredta
`formation. On control plants no uredia were destroyed as compared to 11 to 71%
`destruction on plants protected wtth the tested oils. Oils from olive, soya and also
`At po Ian 80 EC, lkar 95 EC, Ole mix 84 EC caused drying off more than 5001& uredta.
`Furthermore, some oils inhibited germination of ured1ospores on PDA medium (potato
`dextrose agar). Fourteen days after the last spraying more than 83% of germinating
`urediospores were found on control leaves. At the same time spores collected from
`protected plants germinated in 17 to 701/o. Among tested products oils from rape, com,
`sunflower and Dedal 90 EC, Ikar 95 EC. Olemix 84 EC were the most effective.
`In the next part of experiment. plants with visible sporulation of P. pelargonti-zonalts
`were sprayed with I o/o oils. After 1 and 7 days of incubation, total number of spores
`and number of germinating spores were counted. One day after treatment, uredio•
`spores collected from leaf blades protected with oils germinated 1n 20 - 601/o. Oils from
`olive, com, Atpolan 80 EC and lkar 95 EC caused 1nh1bition of spore germination at
`least 1n 401/o . Whereas uredtospores from nontreated plants germinated in 86%. After
`7 days. urediospores collected from untreated plants germinated in 651¾, whereas from
`plants sprayed wtth tested oils 1n 23 - 68%. Oils from olive, sunflower and Dedal 90
`EC, Atpolan 80 EC were the most effective 1n suppressing uredtospores germination.
`
`Key words: Puccinia pelargontt-zonalts, pelargoniwn, oils, spore, germination, effec(cid:173)
`tiveness
`
`INTRODUCTION
`
`Pelargonium rust caused by Puccinia pelargonii-zonalis is one of the most
`frequent and serious diseases on pelargonium. The most effective control of
`the pathogen is possible by use of fungicides. In other experiments on the
`control of Puccinia pelargonU-zonalts, azoxystrobin, tebuconazole + triadime·
`fon, tebuconazole + tolylfluanide and triadimefon gave over 90% effectiveness
`in suppression of new uredta fonnation (Wojdyla 2004). Also, in the case of
`this ~ompounds all (azoxystrobtn) or majority of already present uredia were
`browned and destroyed. In the recent years, oils became popular as a new,
`plant protection agent with anti-vtrus (Ramadan et al. 1995) and antl•fungal
`activtty (McGrath and Shishkoff 2000, Wojdyla 2003). Oils can be used as an
`alternative to conventional fungicides, and become integrated into protection
`
`This material may be protected by Copyright law (Title 17 U.S. Code)
`
`

`

`194
`
`programs including other products, thereby reducing the frequency of each
`product use and the risk of resistance to all fungicide groups in the program
`(Northover and Schneider 1996). Among others the prospect of using plant
`oils as fungicides is very appealing, because refined oils are now readily
`·available and they are safe for human consumption and commonly used in
`baked goods, salad dressings and deep-frying. Their use as natural alterna(cid:173)
`tive to synthetic fungicides would be especially attractive to home gardeners
`and producers of organically grown produce (Northover and Schneider 1996).
`In experiments, oils have proven to be effective against Altemaria solani (Ba(cid:173)
`bus et al. 2000), Botrytis cinerea (Bourbos et al. 1994, Wojdyla 2003). Diplo(cid:173)
`carpon rosae (Osnaya-Gonzales and Schlosser 1998), Venturia inaequalis
`(Northover and Schneider 1993). Oils had particularly good effectiveness
`against pathogens causing powdery mildew on different plant species (Clem(cid:173)
`ent et al. 1994. Wojdyla 2000, Wojdyla 2002). When.,,used curatively. some
`oils gave good control of pathogens causing rust on bean (Locke and Stave
`1992). wheat (Sajid et al. 1995. Zekaria-Orenet et al. 1991). willow (Wojdyla
`and Jankiewtci 2004). In the control of Puccinia menthae and P. dracuncu(cid:173)
`lina on Mentha x piperita the neem (Azadirachta indtca) oil applied with an
`adjuvant exhibited a fungicidal activity similar to that of the chemical control
`- propiconazole (D'Aulerio et al. 1988). Also Sajid et al. (1995) obtained good
`results when neem oil was applied as a spray against Puccinia recondita on
`wheat.
`The aim of research was to evaluate effectiveness of plant oils from com.
`olive, rape. soya and sunflower, oils recommended for plant protection
`(Dedal 90 EC, Olejan 80 EC) and mineral oils (Atpolan 80 EC, Ikar 95 EC.
`Olemix 84 EC and Promanal 60 EC) in the control of pelargonium rust.
`
`MATERIALS AND METHODS
`
`The following compounds were used in the experiments:
`
`Mineral oils: Atpolan 80 EC (76% SN oil) - produced by Agromix Nie(cid:173)
`polomtce Poland, lkar 95 EC (95% SAE petroleum oil) - produced by Dan(cid:173)
`mark Lodz Poland. Olemix 84 EC (84% DSA petroleum oil) - produced by
`Danmark Lodz Poland. Promanal 60 EC (60% petroleum oil) - produced by
`Neudorff
`Plant oils recommended for plant protection: Dedal 90 EC (90% vegetable
`oil) - produced by Danmark Lodz Poland. Olejan 80 EC (85% rape oil) - pro(cid:173)
`duced by Dan.mark Lodz Poland
`Plant olla used u a food: com oil (seeds). olive oil (fruits). rape oil (seeds).
`soya oil (seeds). and sunflower oil (seeds),
`Fungicide: Amistar 250 SC (250 g azoxystrobine/dm3) produced by Syn(cid:173)
`genta
`Surfactant: Terg1tol O"M) 15-S-9 produced by Dow Chemical C/O.
`The experiment was carried out on pelargonium cv. Pulsar Fl Salmon grown
`in pots on benches in a greenhouse. When the first disease symptoms (ured(cid:173)
`inia of fungus on the lower side of leaves) were noted, plants were sprayed 4
`times at 7 day intervals With tested oils at 1 o/o concentration (Table 1). Ct(cid:173)
`towett AL at concentration 0.02% was added to spray mtxture of Arnistar 250
`SC (standard). A special kind of surfactant recommended for plant oils -
`
`

`

`Comm. Appl. Biol. Sci, Ghent University, 70/3, 2005
`
`195
`
`Tergitol (TM) 15-S-9 at cone. 0.3% was added to suspensions of edible plant
`oils. The observation of severity of disease symptoms was conducted before
`treatment of plants and after 4 weeks of protection. During observation a
`number of uredia per leaf, diameter of uredia, percentage of diseased leaves
`and destroyed pustules were counted and height of plants was determined.
`After 1 or 2 weeks from the end of protection, spores from leaves were col(cid:173)
`lected and percentage of germinating spores was found using the same
`method as in the next experiment (Table 2}.
`In the next trial, plants of the same cultivar with visible· disease symptoms
`were sprayed with 1 % solution of tested compounds (Table 3). The experi(cid:173)
`ments were done during the summer time. One and 7 days after treatment
`leaves with visible disease symptoms were sampled. In the laboratory a drop(cid:173)
`let of sterilized water was put on the leaf surface and urediospores were
`scraped with razor blade into potato-dextrose agar (PDA) medium. A second
`droplet of water was added to the suspension of spores and than it was
`spread over the medium surface. For reduction of bacteria development, rose
`bengal 0.5 mg/dm3 and 80,000 units penicillin per dm3 were added to the
`medium. After 18 h of incubation at 18-20°C, total number of urediospores
`and number of germinating spores were counted in the observation field of
`light microscope at magnification of 125x. For counting. places with 30-60
`urediospores in the observation field were selected. In the case of high num(cid:173)
`ber of urediospores they were counted only from a half or 1 / 4 of observation
`field and next the percentage of germinating spores was calculated.
`The experiment was set in randomised block design witl) 4 replicates and
`each replicate consisted of 4 plants or plates of PDA.
`
`RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
`
`In the trial the results collected after 4 weeks revealed an average of about
`11 uredia per leaf on control plants (Table 1). At the same time, on plants
`protected with Ikar 95 EC, Olemi.x 84 EC, Olejan 85 EC. olive and soya oil
`significantly less pustules per leaf were found compared to control. There
`was not statistically significant difference in mean number of pustules on
`plants protected with Atpolan 80 EC. Promanal 60 EC, Dedal 90 EC, corn,
`rape and sunflower oil, ranging from 7.8 to 8 .5 pustules per leaf. On unpro(cid:173)
`tected plants no uredia were dried. On the leaves of plants protected with
`oils, from 11 to about 71 % of pustules were dried up. Out of the tested oils,
`the most effective in drying up of uredinia were Atpolan 80 EC, Ikar 95 EC,
`Olemix 84 EC, olive and soya oils where, on average, from 51 to about 71%
`of dried up uredia were noted. Average diameter of pustules on the leaves of
`control plants was ca. 3.6 mm. At the same time on plants protected with
`Dedal 90 EC, Olejan 85 EC and com oil diameter of pustules was from 4.5 to
`about 5.4 mm i.e. even more than on control plants. In the case of most of
`the tested oils diameter of spots was significantly lower than on control pe(cid:173)
`largonium plants. Except of Dedal 90 EC, no influence of the used oils on
`growth of plants was found. Also diameter of plants did not differ between
`control plants and ones protected with tested oils. Similarly, Picton and
`Hummer (2003) showed that mineral oil used for control of Cronatrium ribi(cid:173)
`cola on black current cultivars significantly reduced rust infection comparing
`to the unsprayed control.
`
`

`

`Table 1. Effectiveness of oils, applied curatively, in the control of Puccinia pelargonU(cid:173)
`zonalis on pelargonium. First spraying: 08.10.2004, (4 sprayings at 7 day intervals).
`
`196
`
`Treatments
`
`Cone. Mean num- % of dried up
`uredia
`ber of ure-
`in%
`dia/leaf
`.
`11.4 d
`0.1
`3.5ab
`
`O.Oa
`99.68 h
`
`51.4 ef
`58.7 lg
`70.7g
`11.0 b
`
`33.8 cd
`23.1 e
`
`Height of
`plants
`incm
`30.6ab
`30.Sab
`
`26.3a
`28.8 ab
`26.1 a
`30.9 ab
`
`39.Sc .
`34.6 be
`
`Diam. of
`plants
`incm
`29.2 a-e
`30.0 a-e
`
`26.9 ab
`26.1 a
`27.3 a-e
`31.4 e
`
`27.5 a-c
`31.0 be
`
`Diam.of
`spots
`inmm
`3.6e
`2.6ab
`
`2.5ab
`2.1 a
`2.4ab
`3.1 be
`
`5.4 d
`4.9 d
`
`Control
`Amistar 250 SC
`Mineral oils
`7.8cd
`1.0
`Alpolan80EC
`5.5 a-c
`1.0
`lkar95 EC
`1.6 a
`1.0
`Olemix84 EC
`8.5cd
`1.0
`Promanal 60 EC
`Plant oils recommended for olant orotection
`10.5 d
`Dedal90 EC
`1.0
`6.0be
`1.0
`Oleian 80 EC
`Plant oils used as a food
`, 33.4bc
`4.5d
`29.3 a-e
`40.5de
`8.3cd
`1.0
`Corn oil
`3.6c
`26.0a
`312 ab
`55.1 e-g
`5.5 a-c
`1.0
`Olive oil
`2.4ab
`27.7 a-c
`29.8 ab
`29.8 cd
`7.8cd
`1.0
`Rape oil
`2.4ab
`26.6 ab
`30.6 ab
`59.0fg
`3.3ab
`1.0
`Soya oil
`2.2 ab
`28.3 a-c
`342bc
`32.8 cd
`8.1 cd
`1.0
`Sunflower oil
`Note: Means, Within the column, followed by the same letter are not significantly dif(cid:173)
`ferent at p=0.05.
`
`Analysts of P. pelargonii-zonalts spore germination showed, that 7 days after
`the end of experiment. spores taken from control plants germinated in about
`98% (Table 2). At the same time spores taken from plants sprayed with oils
`germinated in about 86 to 96%. Statistically similar percentage of germi(cid:173)
`nated spores, to that in control. was found on pelargonium protected with
`Promanal 60 EC. Spores taken from plants sprayed with azoxystrobin (stan(cid:173)
`dard) genntnated only sporadically.
`Fourteen days after the last spraying, more than 83% of germinating uredio(cid:173)
`spores were found on control leaves (Table 2). At the same time spore col(cid:173)
`lected from protected plants genntnated in 1 7 to 71 % .' Among the tested
`products, oils from rape. corn, sunflower and Dedal 90 EC, lkar 95 EC,
`Olemix 84 EC were the most effective.
`One day after treatment. urediospores of P. pelargonti-zonalts collected from
`leaf blades protected with oils germinated in 20 to 61% (Table 3). Oils from
`olive, com and Atpolan 80 EC, Ikar 95 EC caused inhibition of spore germi(cid:173)
`nation by at lest 40%. On untreated leaves more than 86% of germinating
`spores were found. After 7 days urediospores collected from untreated plants
`germinated in 65% whereas from plants sprayed with the tested oils in 23 to
`68%. Oils from olive, sunflower and Dedal 90 EC, Atpolan 80 EC were the
`most effective in suppressing spores germination. Also Sajid et al. (1995) in
`the in vitro trials found that neem oil completely inhibited germination of
`urediniospores of P: recondite, while Letessier et al. (2001) showed that es(cid:173)
`sential oil of hyssop (Hyssopus oJftcinalts) reduced germination of uredinio(cid:173)
`spores of Uromyces vtciaefabae and rust infection of broad bean.
`Earlier experiments of Wojdyla (2003) showed that the oils tested in this trial
`strongly suppressed germination of Botrytts cinerea spores and germ tube
`development on roses.
`
`

`

`Comm. Appl. Biol. Sci, Ghent University, 70/3, 2005
`
`197
`
`Table 2. Effectiveness of oils tn the control of Puccinia pelargonii-zonalts on pelargo(cid:173)
`ruum: Percentage of germinating urediospores. First spraytng: 08.10.2004
`
`Treatments
`
`Cone. in% Days after the end
`of eXDeriment
`7
`14
`98.2 f
`82.9 j
`2.0a
`0.0a
`
`.
`0.1
`
`Control
`Amistar 250 SC
`Mineral oils
`90.4e
`1.0
`Atpolan 80 EC
`1.0
`89.6 be
`lkar95 EC
`90.Se
`1.0
`Olemix84 EC
`96.4 ef
`1.0
`Promanal 60 EC
`Plant oils recommended for olant orolection
`1.0
`Dedal90 EC
`95.0de
`Oleian 80 EC
`1.0
`95.Sde
`Plant oils used as a food
`23.Sbc
`86.3b
`Com oil
`1.0
`49.1 g
`93.4 cd
`Olive oil
`1.0
`17.2b
`95.Sde
`Rape oil
`1.0
`45.4 fg
`93.0 cd
`Soya oil
`1.0
`28.3 cd
`91.2 e
`Sunflower oil
`1.0
`Note: Means, within the column, followed by the same letter are not sigruflcantly dif(cid:173)
`ferent at p=0.05.
`
`55.0gh
`38.6 ef
`34.0de
`70.9 i
`
`34.7de
`60.0h
`
`Table 3. Effectiveness of oils tn the control of Puccinia pelargonU-zonalts on pelargo(cid:173)
`ruum: Percentage of genrunatlng urediospores.
`Mean values from 2 series - 22.11.2004 and 29.11.2004
`
`Treatments
`
`Cone. in% Days after sprayina
`1
`7
`.
`85.8e
`64.3be
`0.1
`2.7a
`14.6 a
`
`Kontrola
`Amistar 250SC
`Mineral oils
`Atpolan 80 EC
`20.0 ab
`1.0
`22.9 a-e
`1.0
`lkar95 EC
`59.9 de
`1.0
`Promanal 60 EC
`60.9de
`1.0
`Olemix84EC
`Plant oils recommended for plant protection
`1.0
`Olejan80EC
`54.2e-e
`Dedal90EC
`1.0
`40.7 b-d
`Plant oils used as a food
`68.1 e
`34.1 b-d
`Comoil
`1.0
`Olive oil
`23.6ab
`26.2 b-d
`1.0
`58.7bc
`Rape oil
`45.2b-d
`1.0
`55.2 c-e
`53.0a-c
`Soyao~
`1.0
`55.2 c-e
`39.8 a-c
`Sunflower oil
`1.0
`Note: Means, within the column, followed by the same letter are not signtllcantly dif(cid:173)
`ferent at p=0.05.
`
`38.8 a·e
`53.9 be
`57.7 be
`47.8 a-e
`
`59.0 be
`36.0a•e
`
`CONCLUSIONS
`
`Number of Puccinia pelargonii-zonalis uredia per leaf noted on plants pro(cid:173)
`tected with oils from olive, soya, Ikar 95 EC or Olemix 84 EC was reduced by
`at least 50% compared to nontreated plants.
`
`

`

`198
`
`Oils from olive, soya and additionally Atpolan 80 EC. lkar 95 EC, Olemix 84
`EC caused drying of more than 500/4 of uredia.
`One day after pelargonium spraying with oils, germination of urediniospores
`ranged from 20 to 60% as compared to 86% on untreated control plants.
`·111e tested oils we·re not phytotoxic to pelargonium.
`
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