KINDERFARMS Ex. 1040
` KINDERFARMS LLC. v. GENEXA INC.
` PGR2023-00051
`
`
`Page 1 of 62
`
`

`

`MORE SOLUTIONS TO STICKY PROBLEMS: TABLE OF CONTENTS
`
`INTRODUCTION ......................................................1
`CHAPTER 1: Brookfield School of Thought .......2
`1.1 Why Make Rheological Measurements? .....2
`1.2 Thinking Rheo-Logically ...............................2
`1.3 Three Schools of Thought on Viscosity
` Measurement ...............................................2
`1.3.1 The Pragmatic School .........................2
`1.3.2 The “Theoretical” School ....................2
`1.3.3 The Academic School .........................3
`CHAPTER 2: Equipment Systems for
`
` Applications ......................................3
`2.1 Equipment for Specific Situations ................3
`2.2 Viscometers .................................................3
`2.3 Rheometers .................................................4
`2.4 Spindle Geometries .....................................4
`2.4.1 Disc Spindles .......................................4
`2.4.2 Cylindrical Spindles .............................4
`2.4.3 Coaxial Cylinders ................................4
`2.4.4 Cone/Plate Geometry ..........................5
`2.4.5 T-Bar Spindles .....................................5
`2.4.6 Vane Spindles .....................................5
`2.5 Temperature Control ....................................5
`2.5.1 Temperature Baths ..............................5
`2.5.2 Thermosel System ..............................5
`2.5.3 Peltier (Thermo-electric Systems) .......5
`2.6 Small Sample Volume .................................5
`2.6.1 Small Sample Adapter .........................5
`2.6.2 UL Adapter...........................................5
`2.6.3 DIN Adapter .........................................6
`2.6.4 Thermosel System ..............................6
`2.6.5 Cone/Plate Systems ............................6
`2.7 Low Viscosity ...............................................6
`2.7.1 UL Adapter...........................................6
`2.7.2 Small Sample Adapter .........................6
`2.7.3 Thermosel System ..............................6
`2.7.4 Wells-Brookfield Cone/Plate
`
` Viscometer ..........................................6
`2.8 High Temperature.........................................6
`2.8.1 Thermosel System ..............................6
`2.8.2 Temperature Baths ..............................6
`2.8.3 Cone/Plate with Embedded Heating ...7
`2.9 Defined Shear Rate .....................................7
`2.10 High Shear Rate .......................................7
`2.10.1 Wells-Brookfield Cone/Plate
`
` Viscometer/Rheometer ....................7
`2.10.2 CAP Viscometer/Rheometer .............7
`2.10.3 RST Rheometer ................................7
`2.10.4 PVS Rheometer ................................7
`2.10.5 BF35 Viscometer ...............................8
`2.11 Defined Shear Stress .................................8
`2.12 Non-Flowing Sample Materials ..................8
`2.12.1 Helipath Stand ...................................8
`
`2.12.2 Spiral Adapter ....................................8
`2.12.3 Vane Spindles ...................................8
`2.13 Special Accessory Items ............................8
`2.13.1 Quick Connect ...................................8
`2.13.2 Spindle Extensions ............................8
`2.14 Fumes and Hazardous Locations ..............9
`2.14.2 Explosion-Proof Construction
`
` (Dial Viscometer Only) .....................9
`2.15 Software .....................................................9
`2.16 Process Control .........................................9
`CHAPTER 3: Making Measurements with a
`
` Rotational Viscometer .....................9
`3.1 Why You Should Read This Chapter ...........9
`3.2 How the Brookfield Rotational
`
`Viscometer Works........................................9
`3.3 Spring Torque .............................................10
`3.4 Viscosity Measurement Techniques ...........10
`3.4.1 Record Keeping .................................10
`3.4.2 The Spindle and the Guard leg .........10
`3.4.3 Selecting a Spindle Speed ................11
`3.4.4 Sample Container Size ......................11
`3.4.5 Sample Conditions ............................11
`3.4.6 Spindle Immersion .............................12
`3.4.7 Sensitivity and Accuracy ....................12
`3.4.8 Obtaining a Viscometer Reading .......12
`3.4.9 A Calibration Check ..........................13
`3.4.10 Recalibrating the Range of the
`
` Brookfield Rotational Viscometer ...13
`3.5 Rotational Viscometer Maintenance ..........14
`3.6 Rotational Viscometer Troubleshooting ....14
`3.7 Other Viscosity Measurement Methods ....15
`4.1 Coming to Grips with Rheology .................15
`4.2 Viscosity .....................................................15
`CHAPTER 4: Rheology Basics ............................15
`4.3 Newtonian Fluids ......................................16
`4.4 Non-Newtonian Fluids ...............................16
`4.5 Thixotropy and Rheopexy ..........................17
`4.6 Laminar and Turbulent Flow ......................18
`4.7 Yield Behavior ............................................18
`4.8 What Affects the Rheological Property? ....19
`4.8.1 Temperature ......................................19
`4.8.2 Shear Rate ........................................19
`4.8.3 Measuring Conditions ......................20
`4.8.4 Time ...................................................20
`4.8.5 Pressure ............................................20
`4.8.6 Previous History ................................20
`4.8.7 Composition and Additives ................20
`4.8.8 Special Characteristics of
`
` Dispersions and Emulsions ..............21
`5.1 Advanced Methods for Rheological
`Analysis .....................................................21
`
`
` KINDERFARMS Ex. 1040
` KINDERFARMS LLC. v. GENEXA INC.
` PGR2023-00051
`
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`Page 2 of 62
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`CHAPTER 5: Data Analysis .................................21
`5.2 Defining Operating Parameters of
`
`Various Spindle Geometries ......................22
`5.2.1 Cylindrical Spindles ...........................22
`5.2.2 Coaxial Cylinders ..............................22
`5.2.3 Cone and Plate ..................................23
`5.2.4 Disc and T-Bar Spindles ....................23
`5.2.5 Spiral Adapter Spindle .......................23
`5.2.6 “Paddle” / “Paste” Spindles ...............23
`5.2.7 Vane Spindles ...................................23
`5.2.8 Other Special Spindles ......................23
`5.3 Analyzing Time-Independent
`Non-Newtonian Fluids ...............................23
`
`5.3.1 Ratio Methods ...................................24
`5.3.2 Graphic Methods ...............................24
`5.3.3 Template Method ...............................24
`5.3.4. Dynamic Yield Value
`
` Determination...................................24
`5.4 Static Yield Value Determination ...............25
`5.5 Analyzing Time-Dependent,
`
`Non-Newtonian Fluids ...............................25
`5.6 Temperature Dependence of Viscosity ......26
`5.7 Math Models ..............................................26
`5.8 Brookfield Application Software .................27
`5.9 Miscellaneous Methods .............................27
`CHAPTER 6: Test Methods ..................................28
`6.1 Single Point Viscosity Test .........................28
`6.2 Controlled Rate Ramp ...............................28
`6.3 Up-Down Rate Ramp .................................28
`6.4 Time Sensitivity Test...................................28
`6.5 Temperature Sensitivity Test ......................28
`6.6 Temperature Profiling with Up-Down
`
`Rate Ramp Test .........................................29
`6.7 Static Yield Method ....................................29
`6.8 Dynamic Yield Test .....................................29
`6.9 Recovery ....................................................29
`6.10 Tests Unique to RST Rheometer .............30
`
`APPENDIX A: Specifications, Ranges, and
`
` Operating Parameters ................31
`A.1 Dial-Reading Viscometer Spindles and
`
`Speeds ......................................................32
`A.2 Digital Viscometers/Rheometers Spindles
`
`and Speeds ...............................................32
`A.3 Disc Spindle Information for Standard
`
`Viscometers/Rheometers ..........................33
`A.4 Cylindrical Spindles for Dial-Reading
`
`Viscometer and Digital
`
`Viscometers/Rheometers ..........................34
`A.5 Wells-Brookfield Cone/Plate
`
`Viscometers/Rheometers ..........................36
`A.6 Small Sample Adapter ...............................37
`A.7 UL Adapter .................................................39
`A.8 Thermosel System ....................................40
`A.9 DIN Adapter ..............................................41
`A.10 Helipath Stand with T-Bar Spindles .........42
`A.11 Spiral Adapter ..........................................43
`A.12 Vane Spindles ..........................................44
`A.13 KU-3 (Krebs) Viscometer .........................45
`A.14 DV3T Rheometer with EZ-Yield
`
` Program in RheocalcT Software ..............46
`A.15 CAP 1000+ and CAP 2000+
`
` Viscometers ............................................47
`A.16 Falling Ball Viscometer ............................49
`A.17 RST Rheometer & RST Soft Solids
`
` Tester .......................................................50
`A.18 PVS Rheometer ......................................51
`APPENDIX B: Spindle Entry Codes and
` Range Coefficients .....................53
`
`APPENDIX C: ASTM Specifications ...................55
`APPENDIX D: References ...................................57
`APPENDIX E: AMETEK Brookfield Regional
` Locations ......................................58
`
` KINDERFARMS Ex. 1040
` KINDERFARMS LLC. v. GENEXA INC.
` PGR2023-00051
`
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`Page 3 of 62
`
`

`

`INTRODUCTION
`
`
` When a piece of technical equipment is marketed
`successfully for over 80 years, it is inevitable that a
`large body of experience will develop from the use of
`that equipment. Procedures are established, papers
`are published, standards are accepted, and a vast
`informal grapevine of advice grows amidst the com-
`munity of users. Such is the case with the Brookfield
`Viscometer. Accepted as a standard of viscosity
`measurement around the world, the Brookfield Vis-
`cometer is the nucleus of a library of information that
`encompasses the experiences of thousands of users
`in a seemingly endless variety of applications.
` This library, however, is not gathered conveniently
`together in any single location. It is fragmented,
`scattered here and there in technical journals, in test
`reports, in the notes made by technicians, researchers,
`and quality control people. For many users (particularly
`those new to the field of viscosity measurement), it is
`extremely difficult to gain access to information gener-
`ated outside their own company or industry. Brookfield
`has for many years acted as a clearinghouse for this
`type of information, reprinting a variety of technical
`papers on the subject of viscosity measurement and
`making them available at no cost. This program has
`helped many people benefit from the experiences of
`others.
` There is a middle ground, however, between the
`specific technical information provided in these papers
`and the basic operating procedures outlined in an in-
`struction manual for your instrument. We have been
`requested many times over the years to publish a book
`that would bridge the gap between the elementary and
`the advanced, a sort of extended “user’s manual” that
`would guide the way for the person wishing to explore
`in greater depth, the field of viscosity measurement,
`with an emphasis on Brookfield equipment.
`
` The book you hold in your hand is the result of those
`requests. It does not replace your instruction manual,
`nor does it replace the specific technical papers al-
`ready or yet to be published. It is also not a textbook
`on rheology. Rather, it is a guide to help point out the
`way to getting more from your Brookfield Viscometer.
`It does this in several ways:
` S by offering practical advice on the use and main-
`tenance of the Brookfield Viscometer based on
`our experience and that of our customers;
` S by suggesting ways in which specific pieces of
`hardware may be used to solve viscosity mea-
`surement problems;
` S by explaining the basic principles of rheology
`and their relation to measurements made with
`Brookfield equipment;
` S by discussing factors that affect rheological be-
`havior and how these may be controlled;
` S by outlining advanced mathematical procedures
`for detailed analysis of viscosity data;
` S by consolidating a variety of useful range tables,
`formulas, and specifications for many Brookfield
`Viscometers and accessories.
` We hope that you will find this book useful and refer
`to it often. It is our attempt to answer all at once many
`of the questions we have been asked over the years.
`If you have any questions that are not answered here,
`or if you want to suggest improvements or changes for
`future editions, please feel free to contact us. It was,
`after all, the input of people like yourself that made this
`book possible in the first place.
` For additional information, applications, etc., please
`visit our website at www.brookfieldengineering.com.
`
`Page 1
`
`© 2017, by AMETEK Brookfield, Inc. All rights reserved
`
` KINDERFARMS Ex. 1040
` KINDERFARMS LLC. v. GENEXA INC.
` PGR2023-00051
`
`
`Page 4 of 62
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`

`

`CHAPTER 1: Brookfield School of Thought
`1.1 Why Make Rheological Measurements?
` Once the type of flow behavior has been identified,
` Anyone beginning the process of learning to think
`more can be understood about the way components of
`Rheo-Logically must first ask the question, “Why
`the system interact (more information on what affects
`should I make a viscosity measurement?”. The answer
`the rheological property can be found in Section 4.8).
`lies in the experiences of thousands of people who
`The data thus obtained may then be fitted to one of
`have made such measurements, showing that much
`the mathematical models which have been success-
`useful behavioral and predictive information for various
`fully used with Brookfield instruments. Many of these
`products can be obtained, as well as knowledge of
`models may be found in Chapter 5.
`the effects of processing, formulation changes, aging
`phenomena, etc.
` Such mathematical models range from the very
`simple to the very complex. Some of them merely
` A frequent reason for the measurement of rheological
`involve the plotting of data on graph paper; others re-
`properties can be found in the area of quality control,
`quire calculating the ratio of two numbers. Some are
`where raw materials must be consistent from batch to
`quite sophisticated and require use of programmable
`batch. For this purpose, flow behavior is an indirect
`calculators or computers. This kind of analysis is the
`measure of product consistency and quality.
`best way for getting the most from our data and often
` Another reason for making flow behavior studies
`results in one of two “constants” which summarize the
`is that a direct assessment of processability can be
`data and can be related to product or process perfor-
`obtained. For example, a high viscosity liquid requires
`mance.
`more power to pump than a low viscosity one. Knowing
`rheological behavior, therefore, is useful when design-
` Once a correlation has been developed between
`ing pumping and piping systems.
`rheological data and product behavior, the procedure
`can then be reversed and rheological data may be
`
`It has been suggested that rheology is the most
`used to predict performance and behavior.
`sensitive method for material characterization because
`flow behavior is responsive to properties such as mo-
`1.3 Three Schools of Thought on Viscosity
`lecular weight and molecular weight distribution. This
`Measurement
`relationship is useful in polymer synthesis, for example,
`
`In our experience there are basically three schools
`because it allows relative differences to be seen without
`of thought on the use of viscometers in applications
`making molecular weight measurements. Rheological
`rheology. We present them here and invite you to
`measurements are also useful in following the course
`decide which you fall into, remembering that there is
`of a chemical reaction. Such measurements can be
`no “right” one and that each has its merits.
`employed as a quality check during production or to
`monitor and/or control a process. Rheological mea-
` 1.3.1 The Pragmatic School
`surements allow the study of chemical, mechanical,
` The first school of thought is the most pragmatic.
`and thermal treatments, the effects of additives, or the
`The person who adheres to this school cares only
`course of a curing reaction. They are also a way to
`that the Brookfield Viscometer generates numbers
`predict and control a host of product properties, end
`that tell something useful about a product or process.
`use performance and material behavior.
`This person has little or no concern about rheologi-
`cal theory and measurement parameters expressed
`1.2 Thinking Rheo-Logically
`in absolute terms. Quality control and plant produc-
` To begin, consider the question, “Can some rheo-
`tion applications are typical of this category.
`logical parameter be employed to correlate with an
`aspect of the product or process?” To determine this,
` 1.3.2 The “Theoretical” School
`an instinct must be developed for the kinds of chemical
` The second school of thought involves a more
`and physical phenomena which affect the rheological
`theoretical approach. Those adhering to this school
`response. For the moment, assume this information is
`know that some types of Brookfield Viscometers will
`known and several possibilities have been identified.
`not directly yield defined shear rates and absolute
`The next step is to gather preliminary rheological data
`viscosities for non-Newtonian fluids. However,
`to determine what type of flow behavior is characteristic
`these people often find that they can develop cor-
`of the system under consideration. At the most basic
`relations of “dial viscosity” with important product or
`level, this involves making measurements with which-
`process parameters. Many people follow this school
`ever Brookfield Viscometer is available and drawing
`of thought. The applications rheology literature is
`some conclusions based on the descriptions of flow
`replete with statements along the line of “I know the
`behavior types in Chapter 4.
`data isn’t academically defined, but I keep this fact in
`
`Page 2
`
`© 2017, by AMETEK Brookfield, Inc. All rights reserved
`
` KINDERFARMS Ex. 1040
` KINDERFARMS LLC. v. GENEXA INC.
` PGR2023-00051
`
`
`Page 5 of 62
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`

`

`mind and treat the multi-point rheology information
`as if it were.” In many cases, this produces eminently
`satisfying results and eliminates the necessity of
`buying a highly sophisticated and very expensive
`piece of rheological equipment.
` 1.3.3 The Academic School
` The third school of thought is quite academic in
`nature. People adhering to this school require that
`all measurement parameters, particularly shear
`rate and shear stress, be defined and known. They
`need equipment with defined geometries such as
`cone/plate or coaxial cylinders. Examples from the
`Brookfield line would be the Wells-Brookfield Cone/
`Plate, CAP Viscometers, BF35 Viscometers, RST
`
`and PVS Rheometers and Standard Viscometers
`and Rheometers with the following geometries: the
`UL adapter, Small Sample Adapter, Thermosel, Din
`Adapter and Spiral Adapter accessories, as well as
`the RST and PVS Rheometers. With this equipment
`the shear rate is defined and accurate absolute vis-
`cosities are obtained directly from the measurement.
`
` That, then, is our view of the three schools of thought
`on viscosity measurement. You may need to think
`in terms of any or all of these depending on your
`background, approach, goals, and type of equipment
`available. Brookfield Viscometer users fall into all
`three; the following chapters present information of
`use to each.
`
`CHAPTER 2: Equipment Systems for Applications
`
`2.1 Equipment for Specific Situations
` The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview
`of Brookfield’s entire line of Viscometers, Rheometers
`and related accessories, and to suggest ways in which
`these products may be helpful in solving specific vis-
`cosity measurement problems. This information will
`be useful to people adhering to all three schools of
`thought on viscosity measurement.
` The equipment has been organized into functional
`groups to help you quickly find the items of most inter-
`est to you:
`
`
`Viscometers
`
`
`Rheometers
`
`
`Spindle Geometries
`
`
`Temperature Control
`
`
`Small Sample Volume
`
`
`Low Viscosity
`
`
`High Temperature
`
`
`Defined Shear Rate
`
`
`High Shear Rate
`
`
`Defined Shear Stress
`
`
`Non-Flowing Sample Materials
`
`
`Special Accessory Items
`
`
`Fumes and Hazardous Locations
`
`
`Process Control
`2.2 Viscometers
` Brookfield Viscometers are available in three basic
`types: dial-reading (analog), digital, and program-
`mable. The most significant difference between them is
`the manner in which the viscosity reading is displayed.
`The dial-reading type is read by noting the position of
`a pointer in relation to a rotating dial; the Digital type is
`read by means of an LCD or graphical display. In ad-
`dition, the Digital Viscometer includes a serial or USB
`output that can be used in conjunction with Brookfield
`Software for data storage, data analysis and instrument
`
`control. Programmable viscometers utilize a touch
`screen interface and provide enhanced functionality.
`
`
`In most respects dial-reading and Digital Viscometers
`are functionally similar. The operating procedures
`for both are essentially the same, they are available
`in the same model variations, they accept the same
`Brookfield accessories, and are generally interchange-
`able (model for model) in most viscosity specifications
`requiring Brookfield Viscometers.
` The dial-reading type is the least expensive Brook-
`field Viscometer and is suitable for most applications
`where samples are to be tested over a short period of
`time and a permanent detailed record of rheological
`behavior is not required. This is due to the fact that
`while the Viscometer rotates continuously, readings
`may be made only intermittently, when the pointer
`passes under the vision glass, or when the reading is
`held and the Viscometer stopped. Long term viscosity
`tests necessitate frequent operator attention, and some
`fast-acting processes dictate continuous monitoring.
` The Digital Viscometer, with its continuous sensing
`and display, is more suited to such situations. It may
`be left unattended for long periods, and the data output
`may be adjusted to provide a detailed record of even
`the fastest rheological processes. In addition, many
`operators prefer a digital display, which eliminates the
`interpolation that is sometimes necessary when read-
`ing a dial. Both types offer equivalent accuracy.
` Brookfield Digital Viscometers (excluding DVE) are
`also available in cone/plate geometry. See Section
`2.10 for more information on cone/plate spindle ge-
`ometry.
` Several specialized viscometers are available which
`
`Page 3
`
`© 2017, by AMETEK Brookfield, Inc. All rights reserved
`
` KINDERFARMS Ex. 1040
` KINDERFARMS LLC. v. GENEXA INC.
` PGR2023-00051
`
`
`Page 6 of 62
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`

`

`have been designed to satisfy particular industry
`needs. These instruments are unique and do not
`necessarily compare to the traditional Brookfield Vis-
`cometer. The Brookfield KU-3 is designed to provide
`a viscosity measurement in Krebs units and is often
`used in the paint industry. The Brookfield CAP-1000+
`is designed to operate at high shear rate (10,000 s-1,
`12,000 s-1) and is often used in the resin and paint
`industries.
` The Brookfield Falling Ball Viscometer utilizes a grav-
`ity based system and is often used for beverages and
`other clear low viscosity liquids. The BF35 Viscometer
`is used by the oil/gas drilling industry to measure drill
`muds and fracturing fluids. The chamber rotates at
`defined speeds while the stationary spindle senses
`torque.
`2.3 Rheometers
` A very important advancement in viscosity measure-
`ment is the bidirectional DV3T Rheometer (and more
`recently, the DV2T Viscometer) for use with PC. This
`instrument, with variable speed capability, allows easy
`handling and programming of complicated applica-
`tion measurements. It also enables the storage of
`calculated results and transfer of data to Excel format.
`When used with Brookfield RheocalcT software, it
`easily gives a graphical view of test results which is
`especially important for flow curve interpretations. The
`overlay capability of the RheocalcT software makes it
`possible to compare different measured results from
`multiple tests.
` The DV3T Rheometer also tests the yield behavior
`of materials, providing both a strain curve and a single
`yield stress value for better evaluation of products.
`
`The Brookfield RST Rheometer differs from the stan-
`dard Brookfield rheometers in that it is a controlled
`stress (or controlled torque) instrument as well as a
`controlled rate (RPM) instrument. Controlled stress
`with the RST provides many benefits such as a very
`broad viscosity measurement range, testing for Yield
`properties and the ability to measure flow properties
`of delicate high viscosity gels. Similar to DV3T, it can
`operate in stand alone mode or under PC control and
`provide detailed data on material behavior, including
`yield stress.
` The CAP 2000+ Rheometer is a variable speed cone/
`plate instrument with broad shear rate capability. Its
`rugged design makes it ideal for busy work environ-
`ments whether running in stand alone mode or under
`PC control.
` The PVS Rheometer is a “pressurizable variable
`speed” instrument used primarily to evaluate fracturing
`fluids and drilling muds in the oil/gas industry.
`
`Page 4
`
`2.4 Spindle Geometries
` All Brookfield Viscometers and Rheometers are
`supplied with spindles suitable for most applications
`within the viscosity range of the instrument. There
`are, however, situations where specialized spindle
`geometries are necessary to obtain optimum results.
`Brookfield has available a wide variety of spindles and
`accessories to fulfill these needs.
` All Brookfield spindles are constructed of 300 series
`stainless steel for maintenance-free service in most
`applications; some are available coated for maximum
`corrosion resistance. Brookfield also offers disposable
`spindle and chambers made of aluminum as noted
`in this section. Please inquire about special spindle
`materials and configurations for unusual applications.
` 2.4.1 Disc Spindles
` Provided as standard equipment with LV (spindles
`#62 and #63) and RV/HA/HB models (spindles #2
`through #6), these are general-purpose spindles for
`use in containers of 600 mL capacity or larger. Disc
`spindles produce accurate, reproducible apparent
`viscosity determinations in most fluids. The results
`obtained can be converted into viscosity functions
`by a mathematical procedure outlined in Technical
`Paper AR-82 available from Brookfield. See Sec-
`tion 2.9 for information on spindle geometries that
`directly provide defined shear rates.
` 2.4.2 Cylindrical Spindles
` These spindles (LV #61 and #64, RV/HA/HB #7)
`provide a defined spindle geometry for calculat-
`ing shear stress and shear rate values as well as
`viscosity, when used without the Brookfield Guard
`Leg, in a cylindrical container. In all other respects
`their operating parameters are similar to those of
`disc spindles.
` Because their defined geometry facilitates mathe-
`matical analysis, cylindrical spindles are particularly
`valuable when measuring non-Newtonian fluids.
`They are applicable to any Brookfield Viscometer
`model with the use of the appropriate range sheet.
`Cylindrical equivalents of the LV #62 and #63 disc
`spindles are also available. See Section 2.9 for
`information on other defined shear rate geometries.
` 2.4.3 Coaxial Cylinders
` Coaxial-cylinder geometry is indicated for applica-
`tions where extremely well-defined shear rate and
`shear stress data is required, particularly when the
`sample volume is relatively small. Several Brookfield
`accessories feature coaxial-cylinder geometry; each
`also has unique advantages for specific situations.
`These accessories are: the Small Sample Adapter
`(Section 2.6.1), the UL Adapter (Section 2.6.2), the
`Thermosel (Section 2.6.4), the DIN Adapter (Section
`2.6.3) and the Spiral Adapter (Section 2.12.2).
`© 2017, by AMETEK Brookfield, Inc. All rights reserved
`
` KINDERFARMS Ex. 1040
` KINDERFARMS LLC. v. GENEXA INC.
` PGR2023-00051
`
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`Page 7 of 62
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` Disposable 13R chambers and #27 spindles are
`available for the Small Sample Adapter and Ther-
`mosel. Please read 2.6.1 and 2.6.4 for details.
` 2.4.4 Cone/Plate Geometry
` Cone/plate geometry offers absolute viscosity deter-
`minations with precise shear rate and shear stress
`information readily available. The sample volumes
`required are extremely small and temperature con-
`trol is easily accomplished. Cone/plate geometry
`is particularly suitable for advanced rheological
`analysis of non-Newtonian fluids. It is available
`on the Wells-Brookfield Cone/Plate Viscometers/
`Rheometers, CAP 2000+ Rheometer and RST
`Rheometer (see Section 2.10 for more information).
` 2.4.5 T-Bar Spindles
` Generally used in conjunction with the Helipath
`Stand accessory (with which they are supplied as
`standard equipment), T-bar spindles make possible
`the measurement of non-flowing or slow-flowing
`materials such as pastes, gels, and creams. Results
`are considered “apparent” since the unique geom-
`etry of the T-bar spindle prevents the calculation of
`shear rate or shear stress. See Section 2.12.1.
` 2.4.6 Vane Spindles
` Vane spindles, when immersed into a material, trap
`a portion of the test sample between the vanes,
`thereby creating a “cylinder” of sample that can be
`used to calculate shear stress and shear rate. With
`vane spindles, well-defined measurements are pos-
`sible for non-flowing or slow-flowing fluids, including
`yield stress values. Five vane spindles are available
`and can be used with most Brookfield viscometers.
`See Section 2.12.3.
`2.5 Temperature Control
`
`In order to ensure maximum accuracy and repro-
`ducibility in many viscosity measurement procedures,
`temperature control is highly recommended. The fol-
`lowing systems are available from Brookfield:
` 2.5.1 Temperature Baths
` Constant-temperature baths a