US010405509B1
`
`a2) United States Patent
`US 10,405,509 B1
`(10) Patent No.:
`
` Gadlage et al. (45) Date of Patent: Sep. 10, 2019
`
`
`(54) MAIZE INBRED PH2SNA
`
`(56)
`
`References Cited
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`(71) Applicant: PIONEER HI-BRED
`INTERNATIONAL, INC., Johnston,
`IA (US
`(US)
`
`7,790,969 BL
`8,119,879 BI*
`
`9/2010 Piperetal.
`2/2012 Grote we AO1H 5/10
`435/415
`
`8,252,993 Bl
`
`8/2012 Carlone
`
`(72)
`
`Inventors: Mark Jacob Gadlage, Dyersburg, TN
`
`ws)s daleLA(US) Smalley,
`
`rbandale,
`
`:
`(73) Assignee: PIONEER HI-BRED
`INTERNATIONAL, INC.IA (US)
`
`(*) Notice:
`
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term ofthis
`patent sab)byOday under 35
`
`(21) Appl. No.: 15/924,399
`
`(22)
`
`4.
`Filed:
`
`Mar. 19, 2018
`
`(51)
`
`Int. Cl
`AO1H 510
`(52) U.S. Cl.
`CPC cicccssccsecteesseeecenecenees AOIH 5/10 (2013.01)
`(58) Field of Classification Search
`None
`
`(2018.01)
`:
`
`See application file for complete search history.
`
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`
`US PVP Certificate No. 201000361 for Maize Inbred PHIS8FN,
`i
`id Jul. 30, 2013.
`USPVPCertificate No. 200800349 for Maize Inbred PHRDW.
`issued Apr. 30, 2013.
`,
`U.S. Appl. No. 15/924,492 for Maize Hybrid X08M566, filed Mar.
`19, 2018.
`* cited by examiner
`
`Primary Examiner — Jason Deveau Rosen
`(57)
`ABSTRACT
`Anovel maize variety designated PH2SNAandseed,plants
`and plant parts thereof are provided. Methods for producing
`a maize plant comprise crossing maize variety PH2SNA
`with another maize plant are provided. Methods for produc-
`ing a maize plant containing in its genetic material one or
`more traits introgressed into PH2SNA through backcross
`conversion and/or transformation, and to the maize seed,
`plant and plant part produced thereby are provided. Hybrid
`maize seed, plants or plant parts are produced by crossing
`the variety PH2SNAor a locus conversion of PH2SNA with
`another maize variety.
`20 Claims, No Drawings
`
`Inari Exhibit 1007
`Inari v. Pioneer
`Inari v. Pioneer
`
` Inari Exhibit 1007
`
`

`

`US 10,405,509 B1
`
`1
`MAIZE INBRED PH2SNA
`
`BACKGROUND
`
`There are numerous steps in the development of any
`novel, desirable maize variety. Plant breeding begins with
`the analysis and definition of problems and weaknesses of
`the current germplasm, the establishment of program goals,
`and the definition of specific breeding objectives. The next
`step is selection of germplasm that possess the traits to meet
`the program goals. The breeder’s goal is to combine in a
`single variety or hybrid, various desirable traits. For field
`crops, these traits may include resistance to diseases and
`insects, resistance to heat and drought, reducing the time to
`crop maturity, greater yield, altered fatty acid profile, abiotic
`stress tolerance, improvements in compositionaltraits, and
`better agronomic characteristics and quality.
`These product development processes, which lead to the
`final step of marketing and distribution, can take from six to
`twelve years from the timethe first cross is made until the
`finished seed is delivered to the farmer for planting. There-
`fore, development of new varieties and hybrids is a time-
`consuming process. A continuing goal of maize breeders is
`to develop stable, high yielding maize varieties and hybrids
`that are agronomically sound with maximal yield over one
`or more different conditions and environments.
`
`SUMMARY
`
`Provided is a novel maize, Zea mays L., variety, desig-
`nated PH2SNAandprocesses for making PH2SNA.Seed of
`maize variety PH2SNA,plants of maize variety PH2SNA,
`plant parts and cells of maize variety PH2SNA, and to
`processes for making a maize plant that comprise crossing
`maize variety PH2SNA with another maize plant are pro-
`vided. Also provided are maize plants having all the physi-
`ological and morphological characteristics of the inbred
`maize variety PH2SNA.
`Processes are provided for making a maize plant contain-
`ing in its genetic material one or moretraits introgressed into
`PH2SNA through one or more of backcross conversion,
`genetic manipulation and transformation, and to the maize
`seed, plant and plant parts produced thereby. Hybrid maize
`seed, plants or plant parts produced by crossing the variety
`PH2SNAor a locus conversion of PH2SNA with another
`
`maize variety are also provided.
`The inbred maize plant may further comprise a cytoplas-
`mic or nuclear factor capable of conferring male sterility or
`otherwise preventing self-pollination, such as by self-incom-
`patibility. Parts of the maize plant described herein are also
`provided, for example, pollen obtained from an inbred plant
`and an ovule of the inbred plant.
`Seed of the inbred maize variety PH2SNAis provided.
`The inbred maize seed may be an essentially homogeneous
`population of inbred maize seed of the variety designated
`PH2SNA.Essentially homogeneous populations of inbred
`seed are generally free from substantial numbers of other
`seed. Therefore, inbred seed generally forms at least about
`97% of the total seed. The population of inbred maize seed
`maybe particularly defined as being essentially free from
`hybrid seed. The inbred seed population may be separately
`grownto provide an essentially homogeneous population of
`inbred maize plants designated PH2SNA.
`Compositions are provided comprising a seed of maize
`variety PH2SNA comprised in plant seed growth media. In
`certain embodiments, the plant seed growth media is a soil
`or synthetic cultivation medium. In specific embodiments,
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`the growth medium may be comprised in a container or may,
`for example, be soil in a field.
`Maize variety PH2SNA comprising an added heritable
`trait is provided. The heritable tratt may comprise a genetic
`locus that
`is a dominant or recessive allele. In certain
`
`embodiments, a plant of maize variety PH2SNA comprising
`a single locus conversion is provided. The locus conversion
`may be one which confers one or moretraits such as, for
`example, male sterility, herbicide tolerance,
`insect resis-
`tance, disease resistance (including, for example) bacterial,
`fungal, nematode or viral disease, waxy starch, modified
`fatty acid metabolism, modified phytic acid metabolism,
`modified carbohydrate metabolism and modified protein
`metabolism is provided. The trait may be, for example,
`conferred by a naturally occurring maize gene introduced
`into the genomeofthe variety by backcrossing, a natural or
`induced mutation, or a transgene introduced through genetic
`transformation techniques. When introduced through trans-
`formation, a genetic locus may comprise one or more
`transgenes integrated at a single chromosomallocation.
`An inbred maizeplantof the variety designated PH2SNA
`is provided, wherein a cytoplasmically-inherited trait has
`been introduced into the inbred plant. Such cytoplasmically-
`inherited traits are passed to progeny through the female
`parent in a particular cross. An exemplary cytoplasmically-
`inherited trait is the male sterility trait. Cytoplasmic-male
`sterility (CMS)is a pollen abortion phenomenondetermined
`by the interaction between the genes in the cytoplasm and
`the nucleus. Alteration in the mitochondrial genome and the
`lack of restorer genes in the nucleus will lead to pollen
`abortion. With either a normal cytoplasm or the presence of
`restorer gene(s) in the nucleus, the plant will produce pollen
`normally. A CMSplant can be pollinated by a maintainer
`version of the same variety, which has a normal cytoplasm
`but lacks the restorer gene(s) in the nucleus, and continues
`to be male sterile in the next generation. The male fertility
`of a CMSplant can be restored by a restorer version of the
`same variety, which must have the restorer gene(s) in the
`nucleus. With the restorer gene(s) in the nucleus, the off-
`spring of the male-sterile plant can produce normal pollen
`grains and propagate. A cytoplasmically inherited trait may
`be a naturally occurring maize trait or a trait introduced
`through genetic transformation techniques.
`A tissue culture of regenerable cells of a plant of variety
`PH2SNAis provided. The tissue culture can be capable of
`regenerating plants capable of expressing all of the physi-
`ological and morphological or phenotypic characteristics of
`the variety, and of regenerating plants having substantially
`the same genotypeas other plants of the variety. Examples
`of some of the physiological and morphological character-
`istics that may be assessed include characteristics related to
`yield, maturity, and kernel quality. The regenerable cells in
`such tissue cultures can be derived, for example, from
`embryos, meristematic cells, immature tassels, microspores,
`pollen, leaves, anthers, roots, root tips, silk, flowers, kernels,
`ears, cobs, husks, or stalks, or from callus or protoplasts
`derived from those tissues. Maize plants regenerated from
`the tissue cultures, and plants having all the physiological
`and morphological characteristics of variety PH2SNA are
`also provided.
`Processes are provided for producing maize seeds or
`plants, which processes generally comprise crossing a first
`parent maize plant as a male or female parent with a second
`parent maize plant, wherein at least one ofthefirst or second
`parent maize plants is a plant of the variety designated
`PH2SNA. These processes may be further exemplified as
`processes for preparing hybrid maize seed or plants, wherein
`
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`US 10,405,509 B1
`
`3
`a first inbred maize plant is crossed with a second maize
`plant of a different, distinct variety to provide a hybrid that
`has, as one of its parents, the inbred maize plant variety
`PH2SNA.In these processes, crossing will result in the
`production of seed. The seed production occurs regardless of
`whether the seed is collected or not.
`In some embodiments, the first step in “crossing” com-
`prises planting, preferably in pollinating proximity, seeds of
`a first and second parent maize plant, and preferably, seeds
`of a first inbred maize plant and a second, distinct inbred
`maize plant. Where the plants are not in pollinating prox-
`imity, pollination can nevertheless be accomplished by
`transferring a pollen ortassel bag from oneplant to the other
`as described below.
`
`Asecondstep comprises cultivating or growing the seeds
`of said first and second parent maize plants into plants that
`bear flowers (maize bears both male flowers (tassels) and
`female flowers (silks) in separate anatomical structures on
`the sameplant).
`A third step comprises preventing self-pollination of the
`plants,
`i.c., preventing the silks of a plant from being
`fertilized by any plant of the same variety, including the
`same plant. This can be done by emasculating the male
`flowers of the first or second parent maize plant,
`(1.e.,
`treating or manipulating the flowers so as to prevent pollen
`production, in order to produce an emasculated parent maize
`plant). Self-incompatibility systems may also be used in
`some hybrid crops for the same purpose. Self-incompatible
`plants still shed viable pollen and can pollinate plants of
`other varieties but are incapable of pollinating themselves or
`other plants of the same variety.
`A fourth step may comprise allowing cross-pollination to
`occur between the first and second parent maize plants.
`Whenthe plants are not in pollinating proximity, this is done
`by placing a bag, usually paper or glassine, over the tassels
`of the first plant and another bag over the silks of the
`incipient ear on the secondplant. The bagsare left in place
`for at least 24 hours. Since pollen is viable for less than 24
`hours, this assures that the silks are not pollinated from other
`pollen sources, that any stray pollen on the tassels ofthe first
`plant is dead, and that the only pollen transferred comes
`from the first plant. The pollen bag overthe tassel of thefirst
`plant is then shaken vigorously to enhancerelease of pollen
`from thetassels, and the shoot bag is removed from the silks
`of the incipient ear on the second plant. Finally, the pollen
`bag is removed from thetasselofthefirst plant and is placed
`overthe silks of the incipient ear of the secondplant, shaken
`again andleft in place. Yet another step comprises harvest-
`ing the seeds from at least one of the parent maize plants.
`The harvested seed can be grown to produce a maize plant
`or hybrid maize plant.
`Also provided are maize seed and plants produced by a
`process that comprises crossing a first parent maize plant
`with a second parent maize plant, wherein at least one of the
`first or second parent maize plants is a plant of the variety
`designated PH2SNA. In one embodiment, maize seed and
`plants produced by the process are first generation (F1)
`hybrid maize seed and plants produced by crossing an inbred
`with another, distinct plant such as another inbred. Seed of
`an F1 hybrid maize plant is contemplated and an F1 hybrid
`maize plant and seed thereof are provided.
`The genetic complement of the maize plant variety des-
`ignated PH2SNAis provided. The phrase “genetic comple-
`ment” is used to refer to the aggregate of nucleotide
`sequences, the expression of which sequences defines the
`phenotype of, in the present case, a maize plant, or a cell or
`tissue of that plant. A genetic complement thus represents
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`the genetic make-up of an inbredcell, tissue or plant, and a
`hybrid genetic complement represents the genetic make-up
`of a hybrid cell, tissue or plant. Maize plant cells that have
`a genetic complement in accordance with the inbred maize
`plant cells disclosed herein, and plants, seeds and diploid
`plants containing such cells are provided.
`Plant genetic complements may be assessed by genetic
`markerprofiles, and by the expression of phenotypic traits
`that are characteristic of the expression of the genetic
`complement, e.g., isozyme typing profiles. It is understood
`that variety PH2SNAcould be identified by any of the many
`well-known techniques used for genetic profiling disclosed
`herein.
`
`In still yet another aspect, hybrid genetic complements are
`provided, as represented by maizeplantcells, tissues, plants,
`and seeds, formed by the combination of a haploid genetic
`complementof an inbred maize plant disclosed herein with
`a haploid genetic complement of a second maize plant, such
`as, another, distinct inbred maize plant. In another aspect, a
`maize plant regenerated from a tissue culture that comprises
`a hybrid genetic complement of the inbred maize plant
`disclosed herein.
`
`Methodsof producing an inbred maize plant derived from
`the maize variety PH2SNAare provided, the method com-
`prising the steps of: (a) preparing a progeny plant derived
`from maize variety PH2SNA, wherein said preparing com-
`prises crossing a plant of the maize variety PH2SNA with a
`second maize plant;
`(b) crossing the progeny plant with
`itself or a second plant to produce a seed of a progeny plant
`of a subsequent generation; (c) repeating steps (a) and (b)
`with sufficient inbreeding until a seed of an inbred maize
`plant derived from the variety PH2SNAis produced. In the
`method,
`it may be desirable to select particular plants
`resulting from step (c) for continued crossing according to
`steps (b) and (c). By selecting plants having one or more
`desirable traits, an inbred maize plant derived from the
`maize variety PH2SNAis obtained which possesses some of
`the desirable traits of maize variety PH2SNA as well as
`potentially other selectedtraits.
`
`DETAILED DESCRIPTION
`
`A new and distinctive maize inbred variety designated
`PH2SNA, which has been the result of years of careful
`breeding and selection in a comprehensive maize breeding
`program is provided.
`
`Definitions
`
`Maize (Zea mays) can be referred to as maize or corn.
`Certain definitions used in the specification are provided
`below. Also in the examples that follow, a number of terms
`are used herein. In order to provide a clear and consistent
`understanding of the specification and claims, including the
`scope to be given such terms, the following definitions are
`provided. NOTE: ABS is in absolute terms and % MN is
`percent of the mean for the experiments in which the inbred
`or hybrid was grown. PCT designates that
`the trait
`is
`calculated as a percentage. % NOT designates the percent-
`age of plants that did not exhibit a trait. For example,
`STKLDG % NOTis the percentage of plants in a plot that
`were not stalk lodged. These designators will follow the
`descriptors to denote how the values are to be interpreted.
`Below are the descriptors used in the data tables included
`herein.
`ABIOTIC STRESS TOLERANCE: resistance to non-
`
`biological sources of stress conferred by traits such as
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`US 10,405,509 B1
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`5
`nitrogen utilization efficiency, altered nitrogen responsive-
`ness, drought resistance, cold, and salt resistance
`ABTSTK=ARTIFICIAL BRITTLE STALK: A count of
`
`the numberof “snapped”plants per plot following machine
`snapping. A snappedplanthas its stalk completely snapped
`at a node betweenthe base of the plant and the node above
`the ear. Expressed as percent of plants that did not snap.
`ALLELE: Any of one or more alternative forms of a
`genetic sequence. In a diploid cell or organism, the two
`alleles of a given sequence typically occupy corresponding
`loci on a pair of homologous chromosomes.
`ALTER: The utilization of up-regulation, down-regula-
`tion, or gene silencing.
`ANTHESIS: The time of a flower’s opening.
`ANTIOXIDANT: A chemical compound or substance
`that inhibits oxidation, including but not limited to tocoph-
`erol or tocotrienols.
`
`ANT ROT=ANTHRACNOSE STALK ROT(Colletotri-
`chum graminicola): A 1
`to 9 visual rating indicating the
`resistance to Anthracnose Stalk Rot. A higherscore indicates
`a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient
`selection pressure exists in the experiment measured.
`BACKCROSSING:Process in which a breeder crosses a
`
`hybrid progeny variety back to one ofthe parental genotypes
`one or more times.
`BACKCROSS PROGENY:Progeny plants produced by
`crossing one maize line (recurrent parent) with plants of
`another maize line (donor) that comprise a desired trait or
`locus, selecting progeny plants that comprise the desired
`trait or locus, and crossing them with the recurrent parent
`one or more times to produce backcross progeny plants that
`comprise said trait or locus.
`BARPLT=BARREN PLANTS: Thepercent of plants per
`plot that were not barren (lack ears).
`BLUP=BEST LINEAR UNBIASED PREDICTION.The
`
`BLUPvalues are determined from a mixed model analysis
`of hybrid performance observations at various locations and
`replications. BLUP values for inbred maize plants, breeding
`values, are estimated from the same analysis using pedigree
`information.
`BORBMN=ARTIFICIAL BRITTLE STALK MEAN:
`
`The mean percentof plants not “snapped”in a plot following
`artificial selection pressure. A snapped plant has its stalk
`completely snapped at a node betweenthe base of the plant
`and the node above the ear. Expressed as percent of plants
`that did not snap. A higher numberindicates better tolerance
`to brittle snapping.
`BRENGMN=BRITTLE STALK ENERGY MEAN:The
`mean amount of energy per unit area neededto artificially
`brittle snap a corn stalk. A high number indicates better
`tolerance to brittle snapping.
`BREEDING:The genetic manipulation of living organ-
`isms.
`
`BREEDING CROSS: A cross to introduce new genetic
`material into a plant for the development of a new variety.
`For example, one could cross plant A with plant B, wherein
`plant B would be genetically different from plant A. After
`the breeding cross, the resulting F1 plants could then be
`selfed or sibbed for one, two, three or more times (F1, F2,
`F3, etc.) until a new inbred variety is developed.
`BREEDING VALUE: A relative value determined by
`evaluating the progeny of the parent. For corn the progeny
`is often the F1 generation and the parent is often an inbred
`variety.
`BRLPNE=ARTIFICIAL ROOT LODGING EARLY
`
`SEASON:The percent of plants not root lodged in a plot
`following artificial selection pressure applied prior to flow-
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`ering. A plant is considered root lodged if it leans from the
`vertical axis at an approximately 30 degree angle or greater.
`Expressedas percentof plants that did not root lodge. A high
`numberindicates higher tolerance to root lodging.
`BRLPNL=ARTIFICIAL ROOT LODGINGLATE SEA-
`
`lodged in a plot
`SON: The percent of plants not root
`following artificial selection pressure during grain fill. A
`plant is considered root lodged if it leans from the vertical
`axis at an approximately 30 degree angle or greater.
`Expressedas percentof plants that did not root lodge. A high
`numberindicates higher tolerance to root lodging.
`BRTSTK=BRITTLE STALKS: This is a measure of the
`
`stalk breakage near the time of pollination, and is an
`indication of whether a hybrid or inbred would snap or break
`near the time of flowering under severe winds. Data are
`presented as percentage of plants that did not snap. Data are
`collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the
`experiment measured.
`BRTPCN=BRITTLE STALKS: This is an estimate of the
`
`stalk breakage near the time of pollination, and is an
`indication of whether a hybrid or inbred would snap or break
`near the time of flowering under severe winds. Data are
`presented as percentage of plants that did not snap. Data are
`collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the
`experiment measured.
`CARBOHYDRATE: Organic compounds comprising
`carbon, oxygen and hydrogen,
`including sugars, starches
`and cellulose.
`CELL: Cell as used herein includes a plant cell, whether
`isolated, in tissue culture or incorporated in a plant or plant
`part.
`CLDTST=COLD TEST: The percent of plants that ger-
`minate under cold test conditions.
`CLN=CORN LETHAL NECROSIS: Synergistic interac-
`tion of maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV)in combina-
`tion with either maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV-A or
`MDMV-B)or wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV). A 1 to 9
`visual rating indicating the resistance to Corn Lethal Necro-
`sis. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are
`collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the
`experiment measured.
`CMSMT=COMMONSMUT:This is the percentage of
`plants not infected with Common Smut. Data are collected
`only whensufficient selection pressure exists in the experi-
`ment measured.
`COMRST=COMMONRUST(Puccinia sorghi): A 1 to 9
`visual rating indicating the resistance to Common Rust. A
`higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected
`only whensufficient selection pressure exists in the experi-
`ment measured.
`CROSS POLLINATION:Fertilization by the union of
`two gametes from different plants.
`CROSSING: The combination of genetic material by
`traditional methods such as a breeding cross or backcross,
`but also including protoplast fusion and other molecular
`biology methods of combining genetic material from two
`sources.
`
`D and D1-Dn:represents the generation of doubled hap-
`loid.
`D/D=DRYDOWN:This represents the relative rate at
`which a hybrid will reach acceptable harvest moisture
`compared to other hybrids on a 1 to 9 rating scale. A high
`score indicates a hybrid thatdries relatively fast while a low
`score indicates a hybrid that dries slowly.
`DIGENG=DIGESTIBLE ENERGY:Near-infrared trans-
`
`mission spectroscopy, NIT, prediction of digestible energy.
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`US 10,405,509 B1
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`8
`pean Corn Borer infestation. Data are collected only when
`sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment mea-
`sured.
`ECBLSI=EUROPEAN CORN BORER LATE SEASON
`
`INTACT(Ostrinia nubilalis): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicat-
`ing late season intactness of the corn plant given damage
`(stalk breakage above and below the top ear) caused pri-
`marily by 2”@ and/or 3” generation ECB larval feeding
`before harvest. A higher score indicates more intact plants.
`Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure
`exists in the experiment measured.
`EDANTCOLs=ANTHER COLOR: Rated on a 1
`
`to 7
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`scale where 1 is green, 2 is yellow, 3 is pink, 5 is red, and
`7 is purple.
`EDantants=ANTHER
`
`ANTHOCYANIN
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`COLOR
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`DIPERS=DIPLODIA EAR MOLD SCORES (Diplodia
`maydis and Diplodia macrospora): A 1 to 9 visual rating
`indicating the resistance to Diplodia Ear Mold. A higher
`score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only
`when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment
`measured.
`
`DIPLOID PLANTPART:Refersto a plantpart or cell that
`has a same diploid genotype.
`DIPROT=DIPLODIA STALK ROT SCORE: Score of
`
`stalk rot severity due to Diplodia (Diplodia maydis).
`Expressed as a 1 to 9 score with 9 being highly resistant.
`Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure
`exists in the experiment measured.
`DRPEAR=DROPPED EARS: A measure of the number
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`of dropped ears per plot and represents the percentage of
`plants that did not drop ears prior to harvest. Data are
`collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the
`experiment measured.
`D/T=DROUGHT TOLERANCE:This represents a 1 to 9
`rating for drought tolerance, and is based on data obtained
`under stress conditions. A high score indicates good drought
`tolerance and a low score indicates poor drought tolerance.
`Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure
`exists in the experiment measured.
`EARMLD=GENERAL EAR MOLD: Visualrating (1 to
`9 score) where a 1
`is very susceptible and a 9 is very
`resistant. This is based on overall rating for ear mold of
`mature ears without determining the specific mold organism,
`and may notbe predictive for a specific ear mold. Data are
`collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the
`experiment measured.
`EARHT=EDEARHT=EAR HEIGHT: Theear height is a
`measure from the groundto the highest placed developed ear
`node attachment and is measured in inches (EARHT) or
`COLORATION: A measure of the color intensity of the
`centimeters (EDEARHT).
`brace roots rated on a 1 to 9 scale where 1 is absent or very
`EARSZ=EARSIZE: A1to 9 visualrating of ear size. The
`weak, 3 is weak, 5 is medium, 7 is strong, and 9 is very
`higher the rating the larger the ear size.
`EBTSTK=EARLY BRITTLE STALK: A count of the
`strong. Observed when well developed and fresh brace roots
`are present on 50% ofplants.
`numberof “snapped”plants per plot following severe winds
` ANTHOCYANIN
`EDCOBAINTs=COB
` GLUME
`when the corn plant is experiencing very rapid vegetative
`COLOR INTENSITY: Rated on a 1 to 9 scale where 1 is
`growth in the V5-V8 stage. Expressed as percent of plants
`that did not snap. Data are collected only when sufficient
`selection pressure exists in the experiment measured.
`ECB1 LF=EUROPEAN CORN BORER FIRST GEN-
`
`20
`
`25
`
`30
`
`35
`
`40
`
`45
`
`ERATION LEAF FEEDING (Ostrinia nubilalis): A 1 to 9
`visual rating indicating the resistance to preflowering leaf
`feeding by first generation European Corn Borer. A higher
`score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only
`when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment
`measured.
`ECB2IT=EUROPEAN CORN BORER SECOND GEN-
`
`ERATION INCHES OF TUNNELING(Ostrinia nubilalis):
`Average inches of tunneling per plant in the stalk. Data are
`collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the
`experiment measured.
`ECB2SC=EUROPEAN CORN BORER SECOND GEN-
`
`ERATION (Ostrinia nubilalis): A 1 to 9 visual rating indi-
`cating post flowering degree of stalk breakage and other
`evidence of feeding by second generation European Corn
`Borer. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are
`collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the
`experiment measured.
`ECBDPE=EUROPEAN CORN BORER DROPPED
`
`EARS(Ostrinia nubilalis):
`Dropped ears due to European Corn Borer. Percentage of
`plants that did not drop ears under second generation Euro-
`
`50
`
`55
`
`60
`
`65
`
`INTENSITY: A measure of anther anthocyanin color inten-
`sity rated on a 1 to 9 scale where 1 is absent or very weak,
`3 is weak, 5 is medium, 7 is strong, and 9 is very strong.
`Observed in the middle third of the main branch on fresh
`anthers.
`EDbarants=GLUME ANTHOCYANIN COLORATION
`
`AT BASE (WHOLE PLANT, EAR INSERTION LEVEL):
`A measure of the color intensity at the base of the glume,
`rated on a 1 to 9 scale where 1 is absent or very weak, 3 is
`weak, 5 is medium, 7 is strong, and 9 is very strong.
`Observedin the middle third of the main branchofthetassel.
`EDBARCOLs=BAR GLUME COLOR INTENSITY: A
`
`measure of the bar glumecolorintensity. Bar glumeis a dark
`purple band that may occur on the bottom of a glume. Bar
`glumecolor intensity is measured on a scale of 1 to 7 where
`1 is absent, 2 is weak, 3 is medium,5 is strong, and 7 is very
`strong.
`EDBRROANTs=BRACE ROOTS ANTHOCYANIN
`
`absent or very weak, 3 is weak, 5 is medium,7 is strong, and
`9 is very strong. Anthocyanin coloration should be observed
`on the middle third of the uppermost cob, after the removal
`of some of the grains.
`EDCOBCOLs=COB COLOR:A measure ofthe intensity
`of pink or salmon coloration of the cob, rated on a 1 to 9
`scale where 1 is absent or white, 2 is light pink, 3 is pink,
`4 is medium red, 5 is red, 6 is medium red, 7 is dark red, 8
`is dark to very dark red, and 9 is present.
`EDCOBDIA=COB DIAMETER: Measured in mmm.
`EDCOBICAs=COB ANTHOCYANIN COLOR INTEN-
`
`SITY: A measure of the intensity of pink or salmon color-
`ation of the cob, rated ona 1 to 9 scale where 1 is very weak,
`3 is weak, 5 is medium, 7 is strong, and 9 is very strong.
`EDEARDIA=EAR DIAMETER:Measured in mm.
`EDEARHULs=EAR HUSK LENGTH: A measure of ear
`
`husk length rated on a 1 to 9 scale where 1 is very short, 3
`is short, 5 is medium, 7 is long, and 9 is very long.
`EDEARLNG=EAR LENGTH: Measured in mm.
`EDEARROW=NUMBER OF ROWS OF GRAIN ON
`EAR.
`
`EDEARSHAs=EAR SHAPE (TAPER): Rated on a 1 to 3
`scale where 1 is conical, 2 is conico-cylindrical, and 3 is
`cylindrical.
`
`

`

`US 10,405,509 B1
`
`9
`EDEARSHLs=EAR SHANK LENGTH SCALE:A mea-
`
`sure of the length of the ear shank or peduncle, rated on a 1
`to 9 scale where 1 is very short, 3 is short, 5 is medium, 7
`is long, 9 is very long.
`EDFILEANs=SHEATH ANTHOCYANIN COLOR
`INTENSITY AT FIRST LEAF STAGE: A measure of the
`
`anthocyanin color intensity of the sheath of the first leaf,
`rated on a 1 to 9 scale where 1 is absent or very weak, 3 is
`weak, 5 is medium, 7 is strong, and 9 is very strong.
`EDFILECOs=FOLIAGE INTENSITY OF GREEN
`
`COLOR:A measure of the green coloration intensity in the
`leaves, rated on a 1 to 3 scale where 1 is light, 2 is medium,
`and 3 is dark.
`EDFILESHs=LEAF TIP SHAPE: An indication of the
`
`shape of the apex of the first leaf, rated on a 1 to 5 scale
`where 1 is pointed, 2 is pointed to rounded, 3 is rounded, 4
`is rounded to spatulate, and 5 is spatulate.
`EDGLUANTs=GLUME ANTHOCYANIN COLOR
`
`EXCLUDING BASE: A measure of the color intensity of
`the glume excluding the base, rated on a 1 to 9 scale where
`1 is absent or very weak, 3 is weak, 5 is medium,7 is strong,
`and 9 is very strong. Observed in the middle third of the
`main branch ofthe tassel.
`EDGLUCOLs=GLUMECOLOR:Rated on a 1 to 7 scale
`where 1 is green, 2 is yellow, 3 is pink, 5 is red, and 7 is
`purple.
`EDKERDOCs=DORSAL SIDE OF GRAIN COLOR:
`
`10
`EDRATIOEP=RATIO HEIGHT OF INSERTION OF
`PEDUNCLE OF UPPER EAR TO PLANT LENGTH.
`EDSHEAHAs=LEAF SHEATH HAIRNESS SCALE:
`Rated on a 1
`to 6 scale where 1
`indicates none and 6
`indicates fuzzy.
`EDSHEAANTs=SHEATH ANTHOCYANIN COLOR
`INTENSITY: Rated on a 1 to 9 scale where 1 is absent or
`
`very weak, 3 is weak, 5 is medium,7 is strong, and 9 is very
`strong.
`EDSLKAINTs=SILK
`
`=ANTHOCYANIN
`
`COLOR
`
`INTENSITY: A measure of the color intensity of the silks,
`rated on a 1 to 9 scale where 1 is absent or very weak, 3 is
`weak, 5 is medium, 7 is strong, and 9 is very strong.
`EDSTLANTs=INTERNODE ANTHOCYANIN COLOR
`
`INTENSITY:A measure of anthocyanin coloration of nodes,
`rated on a 1 to 9 scale where 1 is absent or very weak, 3 is
`weak, 5 is medium, 7 is strong, and 9 is very strong.
`Observed just above the insertion point of the peduncle of
`the upperear.
`EDTA1 RYATs=TASSEL LATERAL BRANCH CURVA-
`TURE: Rated on a 1 to 9 scale where 1 indicates absent or
`
`20
`
`very slightly recurved (<5 degrees), 3 indicates slightly
`recurved (6 to 37 degrees), 5 indicates moderately recurved
`(38 to 62 degrees), 7 indicates strongly recurved (63 to 90
`degrees), and 9 indicates very strongly recurved (>90
`degrees). Observed on the second branch from the bottom of
`the tassel.
`EDTA1 RYBRs=NUMBER OF PRIMARY LATERAL
`TASSEL BRANCHES: Rated on a 1
`to 9 scale where 1
`Rated on a 1 to 10 scale where 1 is white, 2 is yellowish
`indicates absent or very few (<4 branches), 3 indicates few
`white, 3 is yellow, 4 is yellow orange, 5 is orange, 6 is red
`(4 to 10), 5 indicates medium (11 to 15), 7 indicates many
`orange, 7 is red, 8 is purple, 9 is brownish, and 10 is blue
`(16 to 20), and 9 indicates very many (>20).
`black. Observed in the middle third of the uppermost ear
`EDTASAHB=LENGTH OF MAIN AXIS ABOVE
`when well developed.
`EDKERSHAs=KERNEL SHAPE: Rated ona1 to 3 scale
`HIGHEST LATERAL BRANCH: Thelength ofthetassel’s
`35
`where 1 is round, 2 is kidney-shaped, and 3 is cuneiform.
`main