US009686949B1
`
`United States Patent
`US 9,686,949 BI
`(10) Patent No.:
`(12)
`Barkeret al.
`(45) Date of Patent:
`Jun. 27, 2017
`
`
`(54) MAIZE HYBRID X08H731
`
`8,373,046 BL*
`
`2/2013 Pinnisch ..........00. AOIH 5/10
`435/412
`
`(71) Applicant: PIONEER HI-BRED
`INTERNATIONAL,INC., Johnston,
`1A (US)
`
`8,895,819 BL
`8,993,859 Bl
`9,000,280 Bl
`9,357,733 B2
`
`11/2014 Smalley
`3/2015 Rossetal.
`4/2015 Smalley et al.
`6/2016 Grote et al.
`
`(72)
`
`Inventors: Thomas Charles Barker, Drury, MO
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`(US); Russell Fox, Stuart, [A (US);
`a
`oo
`.
`Elliot Lee Heffner, Des Moines, IA
`UPOV Maize—Guidelines for the conduct of tests for distinctness,
`(US); Gary Edward Henke, Marshall,
`uniformity and stability. (2009) International Union for the Protec-
`MO (US); Sara Jane Lira, Adel, IA
`tion of new Varieties of Plants; pp. 1-6.*
`(US); Matthew David Smalley,
`Fehr (Iowa State University, “Principles of Cultivar Development,”
`Urbandale, LA
`(US); Luis A Verde
`vol.
`1 Theory and Technique and vol. 2 Crop Species, Soybean,
`Chifilet eA yt (US); Brandon
`Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, pp. 360-376, 1987).*
`Michael Wardyn, Bradshaw NE (US)
`Haun et al (Plant Physiology, Feb. 2011, vol. 155, pp. 645-655).*
`,
`;
`US Plant Variety Protection Certificate No. 201200324 for Maize
`(73) Assignee: PIONEER HI-BRED
`Inbred PHIKTF; issued Mar. 11, 2014.
`.
`yg“Appl. No. 15/086,656 for Maize Inbred PH2DNB;filed Mar.
`us) INC., Johnton, IA
`31, 2016.
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term ofthis een No. 14/623,623 for Maize Hybrid X08F037; filed Feb.
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`US. Appl. No.
`14/150.801 for
`Maize Hybrid X08D453: filed J
`.S.
`Appl.
`No.
`,
`‘or
`Maize
`Hybri
`;
`filed
`Jan.
`
`( o ) Notice:
`
`(21) Appl. No.: 15/086,181
`(22)
`Filed:
`Mar. 31, 2016
`
`* cited by examiner
`
`(51)
`
`(2006.01)
`(2006.01)
`(2006.01)
`(2006.01)
`
`Int. CL
`AQIH 5/10
`AOIH 1/02
`CI2N 15/82
`CIQN 5/04
`(52) US. Cl.
`CPC veecesreeeniees AOIH 5/10 (2013.01); AOIH 1/02
`(2013.01); C12N 15/8241 (2013.01); C12N
`15/8245 (2013.01); CI2N 15/8247 (2013.01);
`CI2N 15/8274 (2013.01), CI2N 15/8279
`(2013.01); C12N 15/8286 (2013.01); CL2N
`15/8289 (2013.01)
`
`(58) Field of Classification Search
`None
`See application file for complete search history.
`.
`References Cited
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`(56)
`
`7,227,061 BI*
`
`6/2007 Page wees AOILH 5/10
`435/412
`8,338,679 BL* 12/2012 Colbert 0... AOILH 5/10
`435/412
`
`raytn entee nt, onFi oy Hi-Bred Int’l
`(74)
`Attorney,
`Agent, or
`Firm — Pioneer
`Hi-Bred
`Int’l,
`Inc.
`
`ABSTRACT
`(57)
`Anovel maize variety designated X08H731 andseed, plants
`and plant parts thereof are produced by crossing inbred
`maize varieties. Methods for producing a maize plant by
`crossing hybrid maize variety XO08H731 with another maize
`plant are disclosed. Methods for producing a maize plant
`containing in its genetic material one or moretraits intro-
`gressed into X08H731 through backcross conversion and/or
`transformation, and to the maize seed, plant and plant part
`produced thereby. This inventionrelates to the maize variety
`X08H731, the seed, the plant produced from the seed, and
`variants, mutants, and minor modifications of maize variety
`X08H731. This invention further relates to methods for
`producing maize varieties derived from maize variety
`X08H731.
`
`20 Claims, No Drawings
`
`Inari Exhibit 1046
`Inari Exhibit 1046
`Inari v. Pioneer
`Inari v. Pioneer
`
`

`

`US 9,686,949 B1
`
`1
`MAIZE HYBRID X08H731
`
`BACKGROUND
`
`2
`sterility (CMS)is a pollen abortion phenomenon determined
`by the interaction between the genes in the cytoplasm and
`the nucleus. Alteration in the mitochondrial genomeandthe
`lack of restorer genes in the nucleus will lead to pollen
`abortion. With either a normal cytoplasm or the presence of
`The goal of hybrid developmentis to combine,inasingle
`restorer gene(s) in the nucleus, the plant will produce pollen
`hybrid, various desirable traits. For field crops, these traits
`normally. A CMSplant can be pollinated by a maintainer
`may include resistance to diseases and insects, resistance to
`version of the same variety, which has a normal cytoplasm
`heat and drought, reducing the time to crop maturity, greater
`but lacks the restorer gene(s) in the nucleus, and continues
`yield, and better agronomic quality. With mechanical har-
`to be male sterile in the next generation. The male fertility
`vesting of many crops, uniformity of plant characteristics
`of a CMSplantcan be restored by a restorer version of the
`such as germination, stand establishment, growth rate, matu-
`same variety, which must have the restorer gene(s) in the
`rity, and plant and ear height is important. Traditional plant
`nucleus. With the restorer gene(s) in the nucleus, the off-
`breeding is an important
`tool
`in developing new and
`spring of the male-sterile plant can produce normalpollen
`improved commercial crops.
`grains and propagate. A cytoplasmically inherited trait may
`be a naturally occurring maize trait or a trait introduced
`through genetic transformation techniques.
`A tissue culture of regenerable cells of a plant of variety
`Provided is a novel maize, Zea mays L., variety, seed,
`X08H731 is provided. The tissue culture can be capable of
`plant, and its parts designated as X08H731, produced by
`regenerating plants capable of expressing all of the physi-
`crossing two maize inbred varieties. The hybrid maize
`ological and morphological or phenotypic characteristics of
`variety X08H731, the seed, the plant andits parts produced
`from the seed, and variants, mutants and minor modifica-
`the variety and of regenerating plants having substantially
`the same genotypeas other plants ofthe variety. Examples
`tions of maize X08H731 are provided. Processes are pro-
`of some of the physiological and morphological character-
`vided for making a maize plant containing in its genetic
`istics of the variety X08H731 include characteristics related
`material one or more traits introgressed into X08H731
`to yield, maturity, and kernel quality, each of which is
`through locus conversion and/or transformation, and to the
`specifically disclosed herein. The regenerable cells in such
`maize seed, plant and plant parts produced thereby. Methods
`tissue cultures may, for example, be derived from embryos,
`for producing maize varieties derived from hybrid maize
`meristematic cells, immature tassels, microspores, pollen,
`variety X08H731 are also provided. Also provided are maize
`leaves, anthers, roots, root tips, silk, flowers, kernels, ears,
`plants having all the physiological and morphological char-
`cobs, husks, or stalks, or from callus or protoplasts derived
`acteristics of the hybrid maize variety X08H731.
`from those tissues. Maize plants regenerated from thetissue
`The hybrid maize plant may further comprise a cytoplas-
`cultures of the invention, the plants having all the physi-
`mic or nuclear factor capable of conferring malesterility or
`ological
`and morphological
`characteristics of variety
`otherwise preventing self-pollination, such as by self-incom-
`X08H731 are also provided.
`patibility. Parts of the maize plants disclosed hereinare also
`A method of producing hybrid maize seed comprising
`provided, for example, pollen obtained from an hybrid plant
`crossing a plant of variety PH1 KTF with a plant of variety
`and an ovule of the hybrid plant.
`PH2DNBis provided. In a cross, either parent may serve as
`Seed of the hybrid maize variety X08H731 is provided
`the male or female. Processes are also provided for produc-
`and may be provided as a population of maize seed of the
`ing maize seeds or plants, which processes generally com-
`variety designated X08H731.
`prise crossing a first parent maize plant with a second parent
`Compositions are provided comprising a seed of maize
`maize plant, wherein at least one of the first or second parent
`variety X08H731 comprised in plant seed growth media. In
`maize plants is a plant of the variety designated X08H731.
`certain embodiments, the plant seed growth mediais a soil
`In such crossing, either parent may serve as the male or
`or synthetic cultivation medium. In specific embodiments,
`the growth medium may be comprised in a container or may,
`female parent. These processes may be further exemplified
`
`for example, be soil inafield. as processes for preparing hybrid maize seed or plants,
`Hybrid maize variety XO8H731 is provided comprising an
`wherein a first hybrid maize plant is crossed with a second
`added heritable trait. The heritable trait may be a genetic
`maizeplant of a different, distinct variety to provide a hybrid
`locus that
`is a dominant or recessive allele. In certain
`that has, as one ofits parents, the hybrid maize plant variety
`X08H731. In these processes, crossing will result in the
`production of seed. The seed production occurs regardless of
`whether the seed is collected or not.
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`SUMMARY
`
`embodiments of the invention, the genetic locus confers
`traits such as, for example, male sterility, waxy starch,
`herbicide tolerance or resistance,
`insect resistance, resis-
`tance to bacterial, fungal, nematode or viral disease, and
`altered or modified fatty acid, phytate, protein or carbohy-
`drate metabolism. The genetic locus may be a naturally
`occurring maize gene introducedinto the genomeof a parent
`of the variety by backcrossing, a natural or induced muta-
`tion, or a transgene introduced through genetic transforma-
`tion techmques. When introduced through transformation, a
`genetic locus may comprise one or more transgenes inte-
`grated at a single chromosomallocation.
`A hybrid maize plant of the variety designated X08H731
`is provided, wherein a cytoplasmically-inherited trait has
`been introducedinto the hybrid plant. Such cytoplasmically-
`inherited traits are passed to progeny through the female
`parent in a particular cross. An exemplary cytoplasmically-
`inherited trait is the male sterility trait. Cytoplasmic-male
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`In some embodiments, the first step in “crossing” com-
`prises planting, often in pollinating proximity, seedsofa first
`and second parent maize plant, and in many cases, seeds of
`a first maize plant and a second, distinct maize plant. Where
`the plants are not in pollinating proximity, pollination can
`nevertheless be accomplished by transferring a pollen or
`tassel bag from oneplant to the other.
`A second step comprises cultivating or growing the seeds
`of said first and second parent maize plants into plants that
`bear flowers (maize bears both male flowers (tassels) and
`female flowers (silks) in separate anatomical structures on
`the same plant). A third step comprises preventing self-
`pollination of the plants, i.e., preventing the silks of a plant
`from being fertilized by any plant of the same variety,
`including the same plant. This can be done, for example, by
`
`
`
`

`

`US 9,686,949 B1
`
`3
`emasculating the male flowers of the first or second parent
`maize plant, (i.e., treating or manipulating the flowers so as
`to prevent pollen production, in order to produce an emas-
`culated parent maize plant). Self-incompatibility systems
`may also be used in some hybrid crops for the same purpose.
`Self-incompatible plants still shed viable pollen and can
`pollinate plants of other varieties but are incapable of
`pollinating themselves or other plants of the same variety.
`A fourth step may comprise allowing cross-pollination to
`occur between the first and second parent maize plants.
`Whenthe plants are not in pollinating proximity, this can be
`done by placing a bag, usually paper or glassine, over the
`tassels ofthe first plant and another bag overthesilks of the
`incipient ear on the secondplant. The bags are left in place
`for at least 24 hours. Since pollen is viable for less than 24
`hours, this assures that the silks are not pollinated from other
`pollen sources, that any stray pollen onthe tassels ofthefirst
`plant is dead, and that the only pollen transferred comes
`from thefirst plant. The pollen bag overthe tassel ofthefirst
`plant is then shaken vigorously to enhancerelease of pollen
`from the tassels, and the shoot bag is removed from thesilks
`of the incipient ear on the secondplant. Finally, the pollen
`bag is removed from thetassel of the first plant andis placed
`overthe silks of the incipient ear of the second plant, shaken
`again and left in place. Yet another step comprises harvest-
`ing the seeds from at least one of the parent maize plants.
`The harvested seed can be grown to produce a maize plant
`or hybrid maize plant.
`Maize seed and plants are provided that are produced by
`a process that comprises crossing a first parent maize plant
`with a second parent maize plant, whereinat least one of the
`first or second parent maize plants is a plant of the variety
`designated X08H731. Maize seed and plants produced by
`the process are first generation hybrid maize seed andplants
`produced by crossing an inbred with another, distinct inbred.
`Seed of an F1 hybrid maize plant, an F1 hybrid maize plant
`and seed thereof, specifically the hybrid variety designated
`X08H731 is provided.
`Plants described herein can be analyzed by their “genetic
`complement.” This term is used to refer to the aggregate of
`nucleotide sequences, the expression of which defines the
`phenotype of, for example, a maize plant, or a cell ortissue
`of that plant. A genetic complement thus represents the
`genetic make up ofa cell, tissue or plant. Provided are maize
`plant cells that have a genetic complement in accordance
`with the maizeplant cells disclosed herein, and plants, seeds
`and diploid plants containing such cells.
`Plant genetic complements may be assessed by genetic
`markerprofiles, and by the expression of phenotypic traits
`that are characteristic of the expression of the genetic
`complement, e.g., isozyme typing profiles. It is understood
`that variety XO08H731 could be identified by any of the many
`well-known techniques used for genetic profiling disclosed
`herein.
`
`DETAILED DESCRIPTION
`
`A new and distinctive maize hybrid variety designated
`X08H731, which has been the result of years of careful
`breeding and selection in a comprehensive maize breeding
`program is provided. Maize, Zea mays L., can be referred to
`as maize or corn. Maize (Zea mays L.) can be bred by both
`self-pollination and cross-pollination techniques.
`Definitions
`
`Certain definitions used in the specification are provided
`below. Also in the examples that follow, a number of terms
`are used herein. In order to provide a clear and consistent
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`4
`understanding ofthe specification and claims, including the
`scope to be given such terms, the following definitions are
`provided. NOTE: ABS is in absolute terms and % MN is
`percent of the mean for the experiments in which the inbred
`or hybrid was grown. PCT designates that
`the trait
`is
`calculated as a percentage. % NOT designates the percent-
`age of plants that did not exhibit a trait. For example,
`STKLDG % NOTis the percentage of plants in a plot that
`were not stalk lodged. These designators will follow the
`descriptors to denote how the values are to be interpreted.
`Below are the descriptors used in the data tables included
`herein.
`ABIOTIC STRESS TOLERANCE: resistance to non-
`biological sources of stress conferred by traits such as
`nitrogen utilization efficiency, altered nitrogen responsive-
`ness, drought resistance, cold, and salt resistance
`ABTSTK=ARTIFICIAL BRITTLE STALK: A count of
`
`the numberof “snapped”plants per plot following machine
`snapping. A snapped plant hasits stalk completely snapped
`at a node between the base of the plant and the node above
`the ear. Expressed as percent of plants that did not snap.
`ALLELE: Any of one or more alternative forms of a
`genetic sequence. In a diploid cell or organism, the two
`alleles of a given sequence typically occupy corresponding
`loci on a pair of homologous chromosomes.
`ALTER: The utilization of up-regulation, down-regula-
`tion, or gene silencing.
`ANTHESIS: The time of a flower’s opening.
`ANTIOXIDANT: A chemical compound or substance
`that inhibits oxidation, including but not limited to tocoph-
`erol or tocotrienols.
`ANT ROT=ANTHRACNOSESTALK ROT (Colletotri-
`chum graminicola): A 1
`to 9 visual rating indicating the
`resistance to Anthracnose Stalk Rot. A higher score indicates
`a higher resistance. Data are collected only whensufficient
`selection pressure exists in the experiment measured.
`BACKCROSSING:Process in which a breeder crosses a
`hybrid progeny variety back to one of the parental genotypes
`one or more times.
`BACKCROSS PROGENY:Progeny plants produced by
`crossing one maize line (recurrent parent) with plants of
`another maize line (donor) that comprise a desired trait or
`locus, selecting progeny plants that comprise the desired
`trait or locus, and crossing them with the recurrent parent 1
`or more times to produce backcross progeny plants that
`comprise said trait or locus.
`BARPI.T=BARRENPILANTS: The percent of plants per
`plot that were not barren (lack ears).
`BLUP=BEST LINEAR UNBIASED PREDICTION.The
`
`BLUPvalues are determined from a mixed model analysis
`of hybrid performance observationsat various locations and
`replications. BLUPvalues for inbred maize plants, breeding
`values, are estimated from the same analysis using pedigree
`information.
`BORBMN=ARTIFICIAL BRITTLE STALK MEAN:
`
`The meanpercentofplants not “snapped”in a plot following
`artificial selection pressure. A snapped plant has its stalk
`completely snapped at a node between the base ofthe plant
`and the node above the ear. Expressed as percent of plants
`that did not snap. A higher numberindicates better tolerance
`to brittle snapping.
`BRENGMN=BRITTLE STALK ENERGY MEAN: The
`mean amount of energy per unit area neededto artificially
`brittle snap a corn stalk. A higher number indicates better
`tolerance to brittle snapping.
`BREEDING: The genetic manipulation of living organ-
`isms.
`
`

`

`US 9,686,949 B1
`
`5
`BREEDING CROSS: A cross to introduce new genetic
`material into a plant for the development of a new variety.
`For example, one could cross plant A with plant B, wherein
`plant B would be genetically different from plant A. After
`the breeding cross, the resulting F1 plants could then be
`selfed or sibbed for one, two, three or more times (F1, F2,
`F3, etc.) until a new inbred variety is developed.
`BRLPNE=ARTIFICIAL ROOT LODGING EARLY
`
`SEASON:Thepercent of plants not root lodged in a plot
`followingartificial selection pressure applied prior to flow-
`ering. A plant is considered root lodged if it leans from the
`vertical axis at an approximately 30 degree angle or greater.
`Expressed as percent of plants that did not root lodge. A
`higher numberindicates higher tolerance to root lodging.
`BRLPNL=ARTIFICIAL ROOT LODGING LATE SEA-
`
`lodged in a plot
`SON: The percent of plants not root
`following artificial selection pressure during grain fill. A
`plant is considered root lodged if it leans from the vertical
`axis at an approximately 30 degree angle or greater.
`Expressed as percent of plants that did not root lodge. A
`higher numberindicates higher tolerance to root lodging.
`BRTSTK=BRITTLE STALKS: This is a measure of the
`stalk breakage near the time of pollination, and is an
`indication of whether a hybrid or inbred would snap or break
`near the time of flowering under severe winds. Data are
`presented as percentage of plants that did not snap. Data are
`collected only whensufficient selection pressure exists in the
`experiment measured.
`BRTPCN=BRITTLE STALKS: This is an estimate of the
`
`stalk breakage near the time of pollination, and is an
`indication of whether a hybrid or inbred would snap or break
`near the time of flowering under severe winds. Data are
`presented as percentage of plants that did not snap. Data are
`collected only whensufficient selection pressure exists in the
`experiment measured.
`CARBOHYDRATE: Organic compounds comprising
`carbon, oxygen and hydrogen,
`including sugars, starches
`and cellulose.
`
`CELL: Cell as used herein includes a plant cell, whether
`isolated, in tissue culture or incorporated in a plant or plant
`part.
`CLDTST=COLD TEST: The percent of plants that ger-
`minate under cold test conditions.
`
`CLN=CORN LETHAL NECROSIS: Synergistic interac-
`tion of maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV)in combina-
`tion with either maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV-A or
`MDMV-B)or wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV). A 1 to 9
`visual rating indicating the resistance to Corn Lethal Necro-
`sis. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are
`collected only whensufficient selection pressure exists in the
`experiment measured.
`CMSMT=COMMON SMUT: This is the percentage of
`plants not infected with Common Smut. Data are collected
`only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experi-
`ment measured.
`COMRST=COMMONRUST(Puccinia sorghi): A 1 to 9
`visual rating indicating the resistance to Common Rust. A
`higher score indicates a higherresistance. Data are collected
`only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experi-
`ment measured.
`CROSS POLLINATION:Fertilization by the union of
`two gametes from different plants.
`CROSSING: The combination of genetic material by
`traditional methods such as a breeding cross or backcross,
`but also including protoplast fusion and other molecular
`biology methods of combining genetic material from two
`sources.
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`D and D1-Dn:represents the generation of doubled hap-
`loid.
`
`D/D=DRYDOWN:This represents the relative rate at
`which a hybrid will reach acceptable harvest moisture
`compared to other hybrids on a 1 to 9 rating scale. A high
`score indicates a hybrid that dries relatively fast while a low
`score indicates a hybrid that dries slowly.
`DIGENG=DIGESTIBLE ENERGY:Near-infrared trans-
`mission spectroscopy, NIT, prediction of digestible energy.
`DIPERS=D/PLODI4 EAR MOLD SCORES (Diplodia
`maydis and Diplodia macrospora): A 1 to 9 visual rating
`indicating the resistance to Diplodia Ear Mold. A higher
`score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only
`when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment
`measured.
`DIPLOID PLANTPART:Refers to a plantpart or cell that
`has a same diploid genotype.
`DIPROT=D/PLODIA STALK ROT SCORE: Score of
`stalk rot severity due to Diplodia (Diplodia maydis).
`Expressed as a 1 to 9 score with 9 being highly resistant.
`Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure
`exists in the experiment measured.
`DRPEAR=DROPPED EARS: A measure ofthe number
`
`of dropped ears per plot and represents the percentage of
`plants that did not drop ears prior to harvest. Data are
`collected only whensufficient selection pressure exists in the
`experiment measured.
`D/T=DROUGHT TOLERANCE: This represents a 1 to 9
`rating for drought tolerance, and is based on data obtained
`understress conditions. A high score indicates good drought
`tolerance and a low score indicates poor droughttolerance.
`Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure
`exists in the experiment measured.
`EARHT=EAR HEIGHT: The ear height is a measure
`from the ground to the highest placed developed ear node
`attachment and is measured in inches.
`
`EARMLD=GENERAL EAR MOLD: Visualrating (1 to
`9 score) where a 1
`is very susceptible and a 9 is very
`resistant. This is based on overall rating for ear mold of
`mature ears without determining the specific mold organism,
`and may not be predictive for a specific ear mold. Data are
`collected only whensufficient selection pressure exists in the
`experiment measured.
`EARSZ=EARSIZE: A 1 to 9 visual rating of ear size. The
`higher the rating the larger the ear size.
`EBTSTK=EARLY BRITTLE STALK: A count of the
`numberof “snapped”plants per plot following severe winds
`when the corn plant is experiencing very rapid vegetative
`growth in the V5-V8 stage. Expressed as percent of plants
`that did not snap. Data are collected only when sufficient
`selection pressure exists in the experiment measured.
`ECB1 LF=EUROPEAN CORN BORER FIRST GEN-
`
`ERATION LEAF FEEDING (Ostrinia nubilalis): A 1 to 9
`visual rating indicating the resistance to preflowering leaf
`feeding by first generation European Corn Borer. A higher
`score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only
`when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment
`measured.
`ECB2IT=EUROPEAN CORN BORER SECOND GEN-
`
`ERATION INCHES OF TUNNELING(Ostrinia nubilalis):
`Average inches of tunneling per plant in the stalk. Data are
`collected only whensufficient selection pressure exists in the
`experiment measured.
`ECB2SC=EUROPEAN CORN BORER SECOND GEN-
`
`ERATION (Ostrinia nubilalis): A 1 to 9 visual rating indi-
`cating post flowering degree of stalk breakage and other
`evidence of feeding by second generation European Corn
`
`

`

`US 9,686,949 B1
`
`7
`Borer. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are
`collected only whensufficient selection pressure exists in the
`experiment measured.
`ECBDPE=EUROPEAN CORN BORER DROPPED
`
`EARS(Ostrinia nubilalis). Dropped ears due to European
`Corn Borer. Percentage of plants that did not drop ears under
`second generation European Corn Borer infestation. Data
`are collected only whensufficient selection pressure exists in
`the experiment measured.
`ECBLSI-FEUROPEAN CORN BORER LATE SEASON
`
`INTACT(Ostrinia nubilalis): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicat-
`ing late season intactness of the corn plant given damage
`(stalk breakage above and below the top ear) caused pri-
`marily by 2”” and/or 3’% generation ECB larval feeding
`before harvest. A higher score is good and indicates more
`intact plants. Data are collected only when sufficient selec-
`tion pressure exists in the experiment measured.
`EGRWTH=EARLY GROWTH: This is a measure of the
`relative height and size of a corn seedling at the 2-4 leaf
`stage of growth. This is a visual rating (1 to 9), with 1 being
`weak or slow growth, 5 being average growth and 9 being
`strong growth. Taller plants, wider leaves, more green mass
`and darker color constitute higher score. Data are collected
`only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experi-
`ment measured.
`ERTLDG=EARLY ROOT LODGING:Thepercentage of
`plants that do not root lodge prior to or around anthesis;
`plants that lean from the vertical axis at an approximately 30
`degree angle or greater would be counted as root lodged.
`Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure
`exists in the experiment measured.
`ERTLPN=EARLY ROOT LODGING:An estimate of the
`percentageofplants that do not root lodge prior to or around
`anthesis; plants that lean from the vertical axis at an approxi-
`mately 30 degree angle or greater would be considered as
`root lodged. Data are collected only when sufficient selec-
`tion pressure exists in the experiment measured.
`ERTLSC=EARLY ROOT LODGING SCORE:Score for
`
`lean from a vertical axis at an
`severity of plants that
`approximate 30 degree angle or greater which typically
`results from strong winds prior to or around flowering
`recorded within 2 weeks of a wind event. Expressed as a 1
`to 9 score with 9 being no lodging. Data are collected only
`when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment
`measured.
`ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS: Amino acids that cannot
`be synthesized by an organism and therefore must be sup-
`plied in the diet.
`ESTCNT=EARLY STAND COUNT:Thisis a measure of
`
`the stand establishment in the spring and represents the
`numberofplants that emerge on perplot basis for the inbred
`or hybrid.
`EXPRESSING: Having the genetic potential such that
`under the right conditions, the phenotypic trait is present.
`EXTSTR=EXTRACTABLE STARCH: Near-infrared
`transmission spectroscopy, NIT, prediction of extractable
`starch.
`
`EYESPT=EYE SPOT (Kabatiella zeae or Aureobasidium
`zeae): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Eye
`Spot. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are
`collected only whensufficient selection pressure exists in the
`experiment measured.
`FATTY ACID: A carboxylic acid (or organic acid), often
`with a long aliphatic tail (ong chains), either saturated or
`unsaturated.
`Fl PROGENY:A progeny plant produced by crossing a
`plant of one maize line with a plant of another maizeline.
`
`10
`
`15
`
`20
`
`25
`
`30
`
`35
`
`40
`
`45
`
`50
`
`55
`
`60
`
`65
`
`8
`FUSERS=FUSARIUM EAR ROT SCORE (Fusarium
`moniliforme or Fusarium subglutinans): A 1
`to 9 visual
`rating indicating the resistance to Fusarium Ear Rot. A
`higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected
`only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experi-
`ment measured.
`
`GDU=GROWING DEGREE UNITS: Using the Barger
`Heat Unit Theory, which assumesthat maize growth occurs
`in the temperature range 50 degrees F.-86 degrees F. and that
`temperatures outside this range slow down growth;
`the
`maximum daily heat unit accumulation is 36 and the mini-
`mum daily heat unit accumulation is 0. The seasonal accu-
`mulation of GDU is a major factor in determining maturity
`zones.
`
`GDUSHD=GDU TO SHED: The number of growing
`degree units (GDUs) or heat units required for an inbred
`variety or hybrid to have approximately 50 percent of the
`plants shedding pollen and is measured from the time of
`planting. Growing degree units are calculated by the Barger
`Method, where the heat units for a 24-hour period are:
`
`GDU
`
`_ (Max.
`
`temp.+Min.
`2
`
`temp.)
`
`50
`
`The units determined by the Barger Method are then
`divided by 10. The highest maximum temperature used is 86
`degrees F. and the lowest minimum temperature used is 50
`degrees F. For each inbred or hybrid it takes a certain
`number of GDUsto reach various stages of plant develop-
`ment.
`
`GDUSLK=GDU TO SILK: The number of growing
`degree units required for an inbred variety or hybrid to have
`approximately 50 percent of the plants with silk emergence
`from time of planting. Growing degree units are calculated
`by the Barger Method as given in GDUSHDdefinition and
`then divided by 10.
`GENE SILENCING:The interruption or suppression of
`the expression of a gene at the level of transcription or
`translation.
`
`GENOTYPE: Refers to the genetic mark-up or profile of
`a cell or organism.
`GIBERS=G/BBERELLA EAR ROT (PINK MOLD)
`(Gibberella zeae): A 1
`to 9 visual rating indicating the
`resistance to Gibberella Ear Rot. A higher score indicates a
`higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient
`selection pressure exists in the experiment measured.
`GIBROT=G/BBERELLA STALK ROT SCORE: Score of
`
`
`
`stalk rot severity due to Gibberella (Gibberella zeae).
`Expressed as a 1 to 9 score with 9 being highly resistant.
`Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure
`exists in the experiment measured.
`GLFSPT=GRAY LEAF SPOT (Cercospora zeae-may-
`dis): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Gray
`Leaf Spot. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data
`are collected only whensufficient selection pressure exists in
`the experiment measured.
`(Corynebacterium
`WILT
`GOSWLT=GOSS’
`nebraskense): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance
`to Goss’ Wilt. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
`Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure
`exists in the experiment measured.
`GRAIN TEXTURE:A visual rating used to indicate the
`appearance of mature grain observed in the middle third of
`the uppermost ear when well developed. Grain or seed with
`a hard grain texture is indicated as flint; grain or seed with
`
`

`

`US 9,686,949 B1
`
`9
`a soft grain texture is indicted as dent. Medium grain or seed
`texture may be indicated as flint-dent or intermediate. Other
`grain textures includeflint-like, dent-like, sweet, pop, waxy
`and flour.
`GRNAPP=GRAIN APPEARANCE: This is a 1
`
`to 9
`
`rating for the general appearance ofthe shelled grainasit is
`harvested based on such factors as the color of harvested
`
`grain, any mold onthe grain, and any cracked grain. Higher
`scores indicate better grain visual quality.
`H and H1: Relers to the haploid generation.
`HAPLOID PLANT PART: Refers to a plant part orcell
`that has a haploid genotype.
`HCBLT=HELMINTHOSPORIUM CARBONUM LEAF
`
`to 9 visual
`BLIGHT (Helminthosporium carbonum): A 1
`rating indicating the resistance to Helminthosporium infec-
`tion. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are
`collected only whensufficient selection pressure exists in the
`experiment measured.
`HD SMT=HEAD SMUT (Sphacelotheca reiliana): This
`indicates the percentage of plants not infected. Data are
`collected only whensufficient selection pressure exists in the
`experiment measured.
`HSKCVR=HUSK COVER: A 1
`
`to 9 score based on
`
`performance relative to key checks, with a score of 1
`indicating very short husks, tip of ear and kernels showing;
`5 is intermediate coverage of the ear under most conditions,
`sometimes with thin husk; and a 9 has husks extending and
`closed beyondthe tip of the ear. Scoring can best be done
`near physiological maturity stage or any time during dry
`down until harvested.
`
`HTFRM=Near-infrared transmission spectroscopy, NIT,
`prediction of fermentables.
`HYBRID VARIETY:A substantially heterozygous hybrid
`line and minor genetic modifications thereof that retain the
`overall gene