a2) United States Patent
`US 8,889,966 B1
`(10) Patent No.:
`Smalleyet al.
`
`(45) Date of Patent: Nov. 18, 2014
`
`US008889966B1
`
`(54) MAIZE HYBRID X08C922
`
`(75)
`
`Inventors: Matthew David Smalley, North
`Mankato, MN (US); Andrew Jon Ross,
`Lisbon, IA (US)
`
`(73) Assignee: Pioneer Hi Bred International Inc,
`Johnston, LA (US)
`
`(*) Notice:
`
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term ofthis
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`US.C. 154(b) by 0 days.
`
`(21) Appl. No.: 13/396,770
`
`(22)
`
`Filed:
`
`Feb. 15, 2012
`
`(51)
`
`Int. Cl.
`AOIH 5/00
`AOIH 1/00
`AOIH 4/00
`CIIN 15/82
`(52) U.S.Cl
`USPC oo... 800/320.1; 800/260; 800/275; 800/278:
`435/412; 435/468
`
`(2006.01)
`(2006.01)
`(2006.01)
`(2006.01)
`
`(58) Field of Classification Search
`None
`
`See application file for complete search history.
`
`(56)
`
`References Cited
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`8/2012 Ross
`8,252,991 Bl
`9/2012 Rossetal.
`8,258,383 Bl
`2/2013 Carlone et al... 800/320.1
`8,383,916 BL*
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`
`Plant Variety Protection certificate No. 201000356 for Maize Variety
`PHI7R8, filed Jul. 9, 2010.
`
`Plant Variety Protection certificate No. 201200324 for Maize Variety
`PHIKTF,filed May 11, 2012.
`.S. Appl. No. 12/786,741, filed May 25, 2010, Ross, Andrew J,etal.
`.S. Appl. No. 13/053,236, filed Mar. 22, 2011, Ross, Andrew J,etal.
`.S. Appl. No. 13/053,304, filed Mar. 22, 2011, Ross, Andrew J,etal.
`.S. Appl. No. 61/598,964, filed Feb. 15, 2012, Segebart, Robert L,
`
`aaaad
`
`U.S. Appl. No. 13/396,794, filed Feb. 15, 2012, Carlone,Jr, Mario R,
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`.S. Appl. No. 13/396,767,filed Feb. 15, 2012, Henke, Gary E,etal.
`.S. Appl. No. 13/396,755, filed Feb. 15, 2012, Smalley, Matthew D,
`U S.Ap pl. No. 13/396,726,filed Feb. 15, 2012, Ross, Andrew J, et al.
`U.S. Appl. No. 13/396,664, filed Feb. 15, 2012, Smalley, Matthew D,
`USS. Appl. No. 13/396,696,filed Feb. 15, 2012, Ross, Andrew J.
`U.S. Appl. No. 13/396,694, filed Feb. 15, 2012, Smalley, Matthew D,
`
`U.S. Appl. No. 13/396,665, filed Feb. 15, 2012, Smalley, Matthew D.
`
`* cited by examiner
`
`Primary Examiner — Vinod Kumar
`(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm — Pioneer Hi-BredInt’1., Inc.
`
`ABSTRACT
`(57)
`A novel maize variety designated X08C922 and seed, plants
`and plant parts thereof, produced by crossing Pioneer Hi-
`Bred International, Inc. proprietary inbred maize varieties.
`Methods for producing a maize plant that comprises crossing
`hybrid maize variety X08C922 with another maize plant.
`Methods for producing a maize plant containing in its genetic
`material one or more traits introgressed into X08C922
`through backcross conversion and/or transformation, and to
`the maize seed, plant and plant part produced thereby. This
`invention relates to the maize variety X08C922, the seed, the
`plant produced from the seed, and variants, mutants, and
`minor modifications of maize variety X08C922. This inven-
`tion further relates to methods for producing maize varieties
`derived from maize variety X08C922.
`
`21 Claims, No Drawings
`
` Inari Exhibit 1056
`
`Inari Exhibit 1056
`Inari v. Pioneer
`Inari v. Pioneer
`
`

`

`2
`ALTER: The utilization of up-regulation, down-regula-
`tion, or gene silencing.
`ANTHESIS: Thetimeof a flower’s opening.
`ANTIOXIDANT: A chemical compoundor substance that
`inhibits oxidation, including but not limited to tocopherol or
`tocotrienols.
`ANT ROT=ANTHRACNOSE STALK ROT (Colletotri-
`chum graminicola): A 1
`to 9 visual rating indicating the
`resistance to Anthracnose Stalk Rot. A higher score indicates
`a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient
`selection pressure exists in the experiment measured.
`The goal of hybrid developmentis to combine,inasingle
`BACKCROSSING:Process in which a breeder crosses a
`hybrid, various desirable traits. For field crops, these traits
`may include resistance to diseases and insects, resistance to
`heat and drought, reducing the time to crop maturity, greater
`yield, and better agronomic quality. With mechanicalharvest-
`ing of many crops, uniformity of plant characteristics such as
`germination, stand establishment, growth rate, maturity, and
`plantandear heightis important. Traditional plant breeding is
`an important tool in developing new and improved commer-
`cial crops.
`
`This invention relates generally to the field of maize, Zea
`maysL., breeding, specifically relating to hybrid maize vari-
`ety designated X08C922.
`
`BACKGROUNDOF THE INVENTION
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`US 8,889,966 Bl
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`1
`MAIZE HYBRID X08C922
`
`FIELD OF THE INVENTION
`
`hybrid progeny variety back to one of the parental genotypes
`one or more times.
`
`BACKCROSS PROGENY:Progeny plants produced by
`crossing one maize line (reusrrent parent) with plants of
`another maize line (donor) that comprise a desired trait or
`locus, selecting progeny plants that comprise the desiredtrait
`or locus, and crossing them with the recurrent parent 1 or
`more times to produce backcross progeny plants that com-
`prise saidtrait or locus.
`BARPLT=BARREN PLANTS: Thepercent of plants per
`plot that were not barren (lack ears).
`BLUP=BEST LINEAR UNBIASED PREDICTION.The
`
`BLUPvaluesare determined from a mixed model analysis of
`hybrid performance observations at various locations and
`replications. BLUP values for inbred maize plants, breeding
`values, are estimated from the same analysis using pedigree
`information.
`BORBMN=ARTIFICIAL BRITTLE STALK MEAN:The
`
`mean percent of plants not “snapped” in a plot following
`artificial selection pressure. A snapped plant has its stalk
`completely snapped at a node between the base ofthe plant
`and the node abovethe ear. Expressedas percentofplants that
`did not snap. A high numberis good andindicates tolerance to
`brittle snapping.
`BRENGMN=BRITTLE STALK ENERGY MEAN: The
`mean amount of energy per unit area neededto artificially
`brittle snap a corn stalk. A high numberis good andindicates
`tolerance to brittle snapping.
`BREEDING: The genetic manipulation of living organ-
`isms.
`
`BREEDING CROSS: A cross to introduce new genetic
`material into a plantfor the developmentof a new variety. For
`example, one could cross plant A with plant B, wherein plant
`B would be genetically different from plant A. After the
`breeding cross, the resulting F1 plants could then be selfed or
`sibbedfor one, two, three or more times (F1, F2, F3, etc.) until
`a new inbred variety is developed.
`BRLPNE=ARTIFICIAL ROOT LODGING EARLY
`
`SEASON:Thepercent of plants not root lodged in a plot
`followingartificial selection pressure applied prior to flow-
`ering. A plant is considered root lodged if it leans from the
`vertical axis at an approximately 30 degree angle or greater.
`Expressedas percent ofplants that did not root lodge. A high
`numberis good andindicates tolerance to root lodging.
`BRLPNL=ARTIFICIAL ROOT LODGING LATE SEA-
`
`SON:Thepercent ofplants not root lodged in a plot following
`artificial selection pressure during grain fill. A plant is con-
`sidered root lodged if it leans from the vertical axis at an
`approximately 30 degree angle or greater. Expressed as per-
`cent ofplants that did not root lodge. A high numberis good
`and indicates tolerance to root lodging.
`BRTSTK=BRITTLE STALKS: This is a measure of the
`
`stalk breakage near the time of pollination, and is an indica-
`tion of whether a hybrid or inbred would snap or break near
`the time of flowering under severe winds. Data are presented
`
`SUMMARYOF THE INVENTION
`
`Accordingto the invention,there is provided a maize, Zea
`mays L., variety, seed, plant, and its parts designated as
`X08C922, produced by crossing two Pioneer Hi-BredInter-
`national, Inc. proprietary maize inbred varieties. This inven-
`tion relates to the hybrid maize variety X08C922the seed, the
`plant and its parts produced from the seed, and variants,
`mutants and minor modifications of maize XO08C922. This
`invention also relates to processes for making a maize plant
`containing in its genetic material one or moretraits intro-
`gressed into X08C922 through locus conversion and/ortrans-
`formation, and to the maize seed, plant and plant parts pro-
`duced thereby. This invention further relates to methods for
`producing maize varieties derived from hybrid maize variety
`X08C922.
`
`DEFINITIONS
`
`Certain definitions used in the specification are provided
`below. Also in the examplesthat follow, a numberoftermsare
`used herein. In order to provide a clear and consistent under-
`standing of the specification and claims, including the scope
`to be given such terms, the following definitions are provided.
`NOTE: ABS is in absolute terms and % MN is percent of the
`mean for the experiments in which the inbred or hybrid was
`grown. PCT designates that the trait is calculated as a per-
`centage. % NOTdesignates the percentage of plants that did
`not exhibit a trait. For example, STKLDG % NOTis the
`percentageofplants in a plot that were notstalk lodged. These
`designators will follow the descriptors to denote how the
`values are to be interpreted. Below are the descriptors used in
`the data tables included herein.
`ABIOTIC STRESS TOLERANCE: resistance to non-bio-
`logical sources of stress conferred by traits such as nitrogen
`utilization efficiency,
`altered nitrogen responsiveness,
`drought resistance, cold, and salt resistance
`ABTSTK=ARTIFICIAL BRITTLE STALK: A count of
`the numberof “snapped”plants per plot following machine
`snapping. A snappedplanthasits stalk completely snappedat
`a node betweenthe base of the plant and the node above the
`ear. Expressed as percent of plants that did not snap.
`ALLELE: Any of one or more alternative forms of a
`genetic sequence. In a diploidcell or organism,the twoalleles
`of a given sequence typically occupy corresponding loci ona
`pair of homologous chromosomes.
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`US 8,889,966 Bl
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`3
`as percentage of plants that did not snap. Data are collected
`only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experi-
`ment measured.
`BRTPCN=BRITTLE STALKS: This is an estimate of the
`
`stalk breakage near the time of pollination, and is an indica-
`tion of whether a hybrid or inbred would snap or break near
`the time of flowering under severe winds. Data are presented
`as percentage of plants that did not snap. Data are collected
`only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experi-
`ment measured.
`
`CARBOHYDRATE: Organic compounds comprising car-
`bon, oxygen and hydrogen, including sugars, starches and
`cellulose.
`
`CELL: Cell as used herein includes a plant cell, whether
`isolated, in tissue culture or incorporated in a plant or plant
`part.
`CLDTST=COLD TEST:Thepercentof plants that germi-
`nate undercold test conditions.
`
`CLN=CORN LETHAL NECROSIS: Synergistic interac-
`tion of maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) in combination
`with either maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV-A or MDMV-
`B) or wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV). A 1 to 9 visual
`rating indicating the resistance to Corn Lethal Necrosis. A
`higher score indicates a higherresistance. Data are collected
`only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experi-
`ment measured.
`
`CMSMT=COMMON SMUT: This is the percentage of
`plants not infected with Common Smut. Data are collected
`only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experi-
`ment measured.
`
`COMRST=COMMONRUST(Puccinia sorghi): A 1 to 9
`visual rating indicating the resistance to Common Rust. A
`higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected
`only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experi-
`ment measured.
`
`CROSS POLLINATION:Fertilization by the union of two
`gametes from different plants.
`CROSSING: The combination of genetic material by tra-
`ditional methods such as a breeding cross or backcross, but
`also including protoplast fusion and other molecular biology
`methods of combining genetic material from two sources.
`D and D1-Dn: represents the generation of doubled hap-
`loid.
`
`D/D=DRYDOWN:This represents the relative rate at
`which a hybrid will reach acceptable harvest moisture com-
`pared to other hybrids on a 1 to 9 rating scale. A high score
`indicates a hybrid that driesrelatively fast while a low score
`indicates a hybrid that dries slowly.
`DIGENG=DIGESTIBLE ENERGY:Near-infrared trans-
`mission spectroscopy, NIT, prediction of digestible energy.
`DIPERS=DIPLODIA EAR MOLD SCORES(Diplodia
`maydis and Diplodia macrospora): A 1 to 9 visual rating
`indicating the resistance to Diplodia Ear Mold. A higher score
`indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when
`sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment mea-
`sured.
`DIPLOID PLANTPART:Refers to a plant part or cell that
`has a same diploid genotype.
`DIPROT=DIPLODIA STALK ROT SCORE: Score of
`
`stalk rot severity due to Diplodia (Diplodia maydis).
`Expressed as a 1 to 9 score with 9 being highly resistant. Data
`are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in
`the experiment measured.
`DRPEAR=DROPPED EARS: A measure ofthe numberof
`
`droppedears per plot and represents the percentage of plants
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`that did not dropears prior to harvest. Data are collected only
`when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment
`measured.
`
`D/T=DROUGHT TOLERANCE: This represents a 1 to 9
`rating for drought tolerance, and is based on data obtained
`understress conditions. A high score indicates good drought
`tolerance and a low score indicates poor droughttolerance.
`Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure
`exists in the experiment measured.
`EARHT=EARHEIGHT:Theearheight is a measure from
`the groundto the highest placed developed ear node attach-
`ment and is measured in inches.
`
`EARMLD=GENERAL EAR MOLD: Visualrating (1 to 9
`score) where a 1 is very susceptible and a 9 is very resistant.
`This is based on overall rating for ear mold of mature ears
`without determining the specific mold organism, and may not
`be predictive for a specific ear mold. Data are collected only
`when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment
`measured.
`
`EARSZ=EARSIZE: A 1 to 9 visualrating of ear size. The
`higherthe rating the larger theearsize.
`EBTSTK=EARLY BRITTLE STALK: A count of the
`
`numberof “snapped”plants per plot following severe winds
`when the corn plant is experiencing very rapid vegetative
`growth in the V5-V8stage. Expressedas percent ofplants that
`did not snap. Data are collected only whensufficient selection
`pressure exists in the experiment measured.
`ECB1LF=EUROPEAN CORN BORER FIRST GEN-
`
`ERATION LEAF FEEDING (Ostrinia nubilalis): A 1 to 9
`visual rating indicating the resistance to preflowering leaf
`feeding by first generation European Corn Borer. A higher
`score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only
`whensufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment
`measured.
`ECB21T=EUROPEAN CORN BORER SECOND GEN-
`
`ERATION INCHES OF TUNNELING(Ostrinia nubilalis):
`Average inches of tunneling per plant in the stalk. Data are
`collected only whensufficient selection pressure exists in the
`experiment measured.
`ECB2SC=EUROPEAN CORN BORER SECOND GEN-
`
`ERATION(Ostrinia nubilalis): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicat-
`ing post flowering degree of stalk breakage and other evi-
`denceof feeding by second generation European Corn Borer.
`A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are col-
`lected only whensufficient selection pressure exists in the
`experiment measured.
`ECBDPE=EUROPEAN CORN BORER DROPPED
`
`EARS(Ostrinia nubilalis): Dropped ears due to European
`Corn Borer. Percentage of plants that did not drop ears under
`second generation European Cor Borerinfestation. Data are
`collected only whensufficient selection pressure exists in the
`experiment measured.
`ECBLSI=EUROPEAN CORN BORER LATE SEASON
`
`INTACT(Ostrinia nubilalis): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating
`late season intactness of the corn plant given damage(stalk
`breakage above and below the top ear) caused primarily by
`2"4 and/or 3Ӣ generation ECB larval feeding before harvest.
`A higherscore is good and indicates more intact plants. Data
`are collected only whensufficient selection pressure exists in
`the experiment measured.
`EGRWTH=EARLY GROWTH: This is a measure of the
`
`relative height and size of a corn seedlingat the 2-4 leaf stage
`of growth. Thisis a visual rating (1 to 9), with 1 being weak
`or slow growth, 5 being average growth and 9 being strong
`growth. Taller plants, wider leaves, more green mass and
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`

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`US 8,889,966 Bl
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`5
`darker color constitute higher score. Data are collected only
`when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment
`measured.
`
`ERTLDG=EARLY ROOT LODGING:Thepercentage of
`plants that do not root lodge prior to or around anthesis; plants
`that lean from the vertical axis at an approximately 30 degree
`angle or greater would be counted as root lodged. Data are
`collected only whensufficient selection pressure exists in the
`experiment measured.
`ERTLPN=EARLY ROOT LODGING:An estimate of the
`
`percentageofplants that do not root lodge prior to or around
`anthesis; plants that lean from the vertical axis at an approxi-
`mately 30 degree angle or greater would be consideredas root
`lodged. Data are collected only when sufficient selection
`pressure exists in the experiment measured.
`ERTLSC=EARLY ROOT LODGING SCORE: Score for
`
`severity of plants that lean from a vertical axis at an approxi-
`mate 30 degree angle or greater which typically results from
`strong windsprior to or around flowering recorded within 2
`weeks of a wind event. Expressed as a 1 to 9 score with 9
`being no lodging. Data are collected only when sufficient
`selection pressure exists in the experiment measured.
`ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS: Aminoacids that cannot be
`synthesized by an organism andtherefore must be supplied in
`the diet.
`ESTCNT=EARLY STAND COUNT:This is a measure of
`the stand establishmentin the spring and represents the num-
`ber of plants that emerge on per plot basis for the inbred or
`hybrid.
`EXPRESSING: Having the genetic potential such that
`under the right conditions, the phenotypictrait is present.
`EXTSTR=EXTRACTABLE STARCH: Near-infrared
`
`transmission spectroscopy, NIT, prediction of extractable
`starch.
`
`EYESPT=EYESPOT(Kabatiella zeae or Aureobasidium
`zeae): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Eye
`Spot. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are
`collected only whensufficient selection pressure exists in the
`experiment measured.
`FATTY ACID: A carboxylic acid (or organic acid), often
`with a long aliphatic tail (ong chains), either saturated or
`unsaturated.
`
`F1 PROGENY:A progeny plant produced by crossing a
`plant with a plant of another maizeline.
`FUSERS=FUSARIUM EAR ROT SCORE (Fusarium
`moniliforme or Fusarium subglutinans): A 1 to 9 visualrating
`indicating the resistance to Fusarium Ear Rot. A higher score
`indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when
`sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment mea-
`sured.
`
`GDU=GROWING DEGREE UNITS: Using the Barger
`Heat Unit Theory, which assumesthat maize growth occurs in
`the temperature range 50 degrees F.-86 degrees F. and that
`temperatures outside this range slow down growth; the maxi-
`mum daily heat unit accumulation is 36 and the minimum
`daily heat unit accumulation is 0. The seasonal accumulation
`of GDUis a major factor in determining maturity zones.
`GDUSHD=GDU TO SHED: The number of growing
`degree units (GDUs) or heat units required for an inbred
`variety or hybrid to have approximately 50 percent of the
`plants shedding pollen and is measured from the time of
`planting. Growing degree units are calculated by the Barger
`Method, where the heat units for a 24-hour periodare:
`
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`GDU
`
`temp.)
`temp.+Min.
`_ (Max.
`=?
`
`50
`
`
`
`The units determined by the Barger Method are then
`divided by 10. The highest maximum temperature used is 86
`degrees F. and the lowest minimum temperature used is 50
`degrees F. For each inbred or hybridit takes a certain number
`of GDUsto reach various stages of plant development.
`GDUSLK=GDU TO SILK: The number of growing
`degree units required for an inbred variety or hybrid to have
`approximately 50 percent of the plants with silk emergence
`from time ofplanting. Growing degree units are calculated by
`the Barger Methodas given in GDU SHDdefinition and then
`divided by 10.
`GENE SILENCING:The interruption or suppression of
`the expression of a geneat the level of transcriptionor trans-
`lation.
`
`GENOTYPE: Refers to the genetic mark-up orprofile of a
`cell or organism.
`GIBERS=GIBBERELLA EAR ROT (PINK MOLD)
`(Gibberella zeae): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resis-
`tance to Gibberella Ear Rot. A higherscore indicates a higher
`resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection
`pressure exists in the experiment measured.
`GIBROT=GIBBERELLA STALK ROT SCORE: Score of
`stalk rot severity due to Gibberella (Gibberella zeae).
`Expressed as a 1 to 9 score with 9 being highly resistant. Data
`are collected only whensufficient selection pressure exists in
`the experiment measured.
`GLFSPT=GRAYLEAF SPOT(Cercospora zeae-maydis):
`A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Gray Leaf
`Spot. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are
`collected only whensufficient selection pressure exists in the
`experiment measured.
`(Corynebacterium
`WILT
`GOSWLT=GOSS’
`nebraskense): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance
`to Goss’ Wilt. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
`Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure
`exists in the experiment measured.
`GRNAPP=GRAIN APPEARANCE: This is a 1 to 9 rating
`for the general appearance of the shelled grain asit is har-
`vested based on such factors as the color of harvested grain,
`any mold on the grain, and any cracked grain. High scores
`indicate good grain visual quality.
`H and H1: Refers to the haploid generation.
`HAPLOID PLANTPART:Refersto a plant part or cell that
`has a haploid genotype.
`HCBLT=HELMINTHOSPORIUM CARBONUM LEAF
`
`to 9 visual
`BLIGHT (Helminthosporium carbonum): A 1
`rating indicating the resistance to Helminthosporium infec-
`tion. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are
`collected only whensufficient selection pressure exists in the
`experiment measured.
`HD SMT=HEAD SMUT(Sphacelotheca reiliana): This
`indicates the percentage of plants not infected. Data are col-
`lected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the
`experiment measured.
`HSKCVR=HUSK COVER:A 1 to 9 score based on per-
`formancerelative to key checks, with a score of 1 indicating
`very short husks, tip of ear and kernels showing; 5 is inter-
`mediate coverage of the ear under most conditions, some-
`times with thin husk; and a 9 has husks extending and closed
`beyond the tip of the ear. Scoring can best be done near
`physiological maturity stage or any time during dry down
`until harvested.
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`

`US 8,889,966 Bl
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`7
`HTFRM=Near-infrared transmission spectroscopy, NIT,
`prediction of fermentables.
`HYBRID VARIETY:A substantially heterozygous hybrid
`line and minor genetic modifications thereof that retain the
`overall genetics of the hybrid line including butnot limited to
`a locus conversion, a mutation, or a somoclonal variant.
`INBRED: A variety developed through inbreeding or
`doubled haploidy that preferably comprises homozygous
`alleles at about 95% or more of its loci. An inbred can be
`
`reproduced byselfing or growing in an isolation so that the
`plants can only pollinate with the same inbred variety.
`INC D/A=GROSS INCOME (DOLLARS PER ACRE):
`Relative income per acre assuming drying costs of two cents
`per point above 15.5 percent harvest moisture and current
`market price per bushel.
`INCOME/ACRE: Income advantage of hybrid to be pat-
`ented over other hybrid on peracre basis.
`INC ADV=GROSS INCOME ADVANTAGE: Gross
`
`15
`
`income advantage of variety #1 over variety #2.
`INTROGRESSION:The process of transferring genetic
`material from one genotype to another.
`KERUNT=KERNELSPER UNIT AREA(Acresor Hect-
`ares).
`KERPOP=KERNEL POP SCORE: Thevisual 1-9 rating
`of the amountof rupturing of the kernel pericarp at an early
`stage in grain fill. A higher score is good and indicates no
`popped(ruptured) kernels.
`KER_WT=KERNEL NUMBER PER UNIT WEIGHT
`(Pounds or Kilograms): The numberof kernels in a specific
`measured weight; determined after removal of extremely
`small and large kernels.
`KSZDCD=KERNELSIZE DISCARD: The percentofdis-
`card seed; calculated as the sum ofdiscarded tip kernels and
`extra large kernels.
`LINKAGE: Refers to a phenomenon whereinalleles onthe
`same chromosometend to segregate together more often than
`expected by chanceif their transmission was independent.
`LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM:Refers to a phenomenon
`wherein alleles tend to remain together in linkage groups
`when segregating from parents to offspring, with a greater
`frequency than expected from their individual frequencies.
`LOCUS: A specific location on a chromosome.
`LOCUS CONVERSION:(Also called TRAIT CONVER-
`SION)A locus conversion refers to plants within a variety that
`have been modified in a mannerthatretains the overall genet-
`ics of the variety and further comprises one or moreloci with
`a specific desired trait, such as male sterility, insect, disease or
`herbicide resistance. Examples of single locus conversions
`include mutant genes, transgenes and native traits finely
`mappedto a single locus. One or more locus conversiontraits
`may be introducedinto a single corn variety.
`L/POP=YIELD AT LOW DENSITY:Yieldability at rela-
`tively low plant densities on a 1 to 9 relative system with a
`higher numberindicating the hybrid responds well to low
`plant densities for yield relative to other hybrids. A 1, 5, and
`9 would represent very poor, average, and very good yield
`response, respectively, to low plant density.
`LRTLDG=LATE ROOT LODGING:The percentage of
`plants that do not root lodge after anthesis through harvest;
`plants that lean from the vertical axis at an approximately 30
`degree angle or greater would be countedas root lodged. Data
`are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in
`the experiment measured.
`LRTLPN=LATE ROOT LODGING:An estimate of the
`
`percentage of plants that do not root lodge after anthesis
`through harvest; plants that lean from the vertical axis at an
`approximately 30 degree angle or greater would be consid-
`
`40
`
`45
`
`55
`
`8
`ered as root lodged. Data are collected only when sufficient
`selection pressure exists in the experiment measured.
`LRTLSC=LATE ROOT LODGING SCORE: Score for
`
`severity of plants that lean from a vertical axis at an approxi-
`mate 30 degree angle or greater which typically results from
`strong windsafter flowering. Recordedprior to harvest when
`a root-lodging event has occurred. This lodging results in
`plants that are leanedor “lodged”overat the base ofthe plant
`and do notstraighten or “goose-neck” back to a vertical
`position. Expressed as a 1 to 9 score with 9 being no lodging.
`Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure
`exists in the experiment measured.
`MALE STERILITY: A male sterile plant is one which
`producesnoviable pollen no (pollenthatis able to fertilize the
`egg to produce a viable seed). Male sterility prevents self
`pollination. These male sterile plants are therefore useful in
`hybrid plant production.
`MDMCPX=MAIZE DWARF MOSAIC COMPLEX
`
`(MDMV=Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus and MCDV=Maize
`Chlorotic Dwarf Virus). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the
`resistance to Maize Dwarf Mosaic Complex. A higher score
`indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when
`sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment mea-
`sured.
`
`MILKLN=percent milk in mature grain.
`MST=HARVEST MOISTURE: The moistureis the actual
`
`percentage moisture of the grain at harvest.
`MSTADV=MOISTURE ADVANTAGE: The moisture
`
`advantage of variety #1 over variety #2 as calculated by:
`MOISTURE of variety
`#2-MOISTURE of variety
`#1=MOISTURE ADVANTAGEofvariety #1.
`NEI DISTANCE: A quantitative measure of percent simi-
`larity between twovarieties. Nei’s distance betweenvarieties
`A and B can be defined as 1-(2*numberalleles in common/
`(numberalleles in A+numberalleles in B). For example, if
`varieties A and Bare the samefor 95 out of 100 alleles, the Nei
`distance would be 0.05. If varieties A and B are the samefor
`98 out of 100 alleles, the Nei distance would be 0.02. Free
`software for calculating Nei distance is available onthe inter-
`net at multiple locations such as, for example, at: evolution.
`genetics.washington.edu/phylip.html. See Nei, Proc Natl
`Acad Sci, 76:5269-5273 (1979) which is incorporated by
`reference for this purpose.
`NLFBLT=NORTHERN LEAF BLIGHT (Helminthospo-
`rium turcicum or Exserohilum turcicum): A 1 to 9 visual
`rating indicating the resistance to Northern Leaf Blight. A
`higherscore indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected
`only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experi-
`ment measured.
`
`NUCLEIC ACID: An acidic, chainlike biological macro-
`molecule consisting of multiple repeat units of phosphoric
`acid, sugar, and purine and pyrimidine bases.
`OILT=GRAINOIL: Absolute value of oi] content of the
`kernel as predicted by Near-Infrared Transmittance and
`expressed as a percent of dry matter.
`PERCENT IDENTITY: Percent identity as used herein
`refers to the comparisonofthe alleles present in two varieties.
`For example, when comparing two inbred plants to each
`other, each inbred plant will have the sameallele (and there-
`fore be homozygous)at almostall of their loci. Percent iden-
`tity is determined by comparing a statistically significant
`number of the homozygous alleles of two varieties. For
`example, a percent identity of 90% between X08C922 and
`other variety means that the two varieties have the same
`homozygousalleles at 90% oftheir loci.
`PLANT:As used herein, the term “plant” includes refer-
`ence to an immature or mature wholeplant, including a plant
`
`

`

`US 8,889,966 Bl
`
`mated total amountofpollen producedbytassels based on the
`numberof tassel branches and the density of the spikelets.
`POLSC=POLLEN SCORE:A 1 to 9 visualrating indicat-
`ing the amountof pollen shed. The higherthe score the more
`pollen shed.
`POLWT=POLLEN WEIGHT:This is calculated by dry
`weight oftassels collected as shedding commences minusdry
`weight from similar tassels harvested after shedding is com-
`plete.
`POP K/A=PLANT POPULATIONS: Measured as 1000’s
`per acre.
`POP ADV=PLANT POPULATION ADVANTAGE: The
`plant population advantage of variety #1 over variety #2 as
`calculated by PLANT POPULATIONofvariety #2-PLANT
`POPULATION of variety #1=PLANT POPULATION
`ADVANTAGEofvariety #1.
`PRM=PREDICTED RELATIVE MATURITY:Thistrait,
`predicted relative maturity, is based on the harvest moisture of
`the grain. The relative maturity rating is based on a knownset
`of checks andutilizes standard linear regression analyses and
`is also referred to as the Comparative Relative Maturity Rat-
`ing System that is similar to the Minnesota Relative Maturity
`Rating System.
`PRMSHD: A relative measure of the growing degree units
`(GDU)required to reach 50% pollen shed. Relative values are
`predicted values from the linear regression of observed
`GDU’s onrelative maturity of commercial checks.
`PROT=GRAIN PROTEIN:Absolute value ofprotein con-
`tent ofthe kernel as predicted by Near-Infrared Transmittance
`and expressedas a percent of dry matter.
`rating of how dense spikelets are on the middle tassel
`RESISTANCE: Synonymouswith tolerance. The ability of
`a plant to withstand exposure to an insect, disease, herbicide
`branches. A higher score indicates higher spikelet density.
`
`or other condition. A resistantplant variety will havealevel of STAGRN=STAY GREEN:Stay green is the measure of
`resistance higher than a comparable wild-type variety.
`plant health near the time of black layer formation (physi-
`RTLDG=ROOT LODGING:Root lodgingis the percent-
`ological maturity). A high score indicates better late-season
`age of plants that do not root lodge; plants that lean from the
`plant health.
`STDADV=STALK STANDING ADVANTAGE: The
`vertical axis at an approximately 30 degree angle or greater
`would be counted as root lodged. Data are collected only
`when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment
`measured.
`RTLADV=ROOT LODGING ADVANTAGE: The root
`
`10
`SEED: Fertilized and ripened ovule, consisting ofthe plant
`embryo, varying amounts of stored food material, and a pro-
`tective outer seed coat. Synonymouswith grain.
`SEFIELD: Percentstress emergencein field.
`SELAB: Average % stress emergencein lab tests.
`SEL IND=SELECTION INDEX: The selection index
`gives a single measure of the hybrid’s worth based on infor-
`mation for multiple traits. A maize breeder mayutilize his or
`her ownsetof traits for the selection index. Oneofthetraits
`
`that is almost always includedis yield. The selection index
`data presented in the tables represent the mean value averaged
`across testing stations.
`SELF POLLINATION:A plantis self-pollinated if pollen
`from one floweris transferred to the same or another flower of
`
`the sameplant.
`SIB POLLINATION:A plant is sib-pollinated when indi-
`viduals within the same family or v