US009426963B1
`
`a2) United States Patent
`US 9,426,963 B1
`(10) Patent No.:
`Tarter et al.
`(45) Date of Patent:
`Aug. 30, 2016
`
`
`(54) MAIZE INBRED PH251F
`
`(56)
`
`References Cited
`
`(71) Applicant: PIONEER HI BRED
`INTERNATIONALINC,Johnston, 1A
`(US)
`
`(72)
`
`Inventors: Jennifer Ann Tarter, Champaign, IL
`.
`;
`tus) Andrew Jon Ross, Lisbon, [A
`
`(73) Assignee: PIONEER HI-BRED
`INTERNATIONAL.
`INC.. Johnston.
`1A (US)
`>
`,
`
`,
`
`(*) Notice:
`
`(21) Appl.
`Ppl
`
`No.:
`
`NO
`
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term ofthis
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`US.C. 1540) by 0 days.
`14/623,664
`°
`
`(22)
`
`Filed:
`
`Feb. 17, 2015
`
`Related U.S. Application Data
`PP
`(60) Provisional application No. 61/945,244,filed on Feb.
`27, 2014.
`
`3006.01
`00801)
`(2006.01)
`
`1) arS/O
`‘AOIH 1/02
`CI2N 15/82
`(52) U.S. Cl.
`CPC A@IH 5/10 (2013.01); AOIH 1/02 (2013.01);
`CI2N 15/8243 (2013.01); CI2N 15/8245
`(2013.01); C12N 15/8247 (2013.01); C12N
`15/8251 (2013.01); C12N 15/8271 (2013.01):
`C12N 15/8274 (2013.01); C12N 15/8279
`(2013.01); C12N 15/8286 (2013.01); CI2N
`;
`15/8289 (2013.01)
`:
`:
`:
`(58) Field of Classification Search
`None
`
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
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`5/2007 Griffith «ssn AO1H 5/10
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`11/2012 Carloneetal.
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`1/2013 Barkeret al.
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`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`
`
`
`US Plant Variety Protection Application No. 201500248 for Maize
`Variety PH251F; filed Mar. 17, 2015.
`US Plant Variety Protection Certificate No. 200800249 for Maize
`Variety PHPAR;issued Jan. 18, 2013.
`US Plant Variety Protection Certificate No. 200500226 for Maize
`Variety PHCCW;issued Jul. 30, 2008.
`
`* cited by examiner
`
`Primary Examiner — Medina A Ibrahim
`(74) Attorney, Agent, orFirm — Pioneer Hi-Bred Int’], Inc.
`(57)
`ABSTRACT
`A novel maize variety designated PH251F andseed, plants
`and plant parts thereof. Methods for producing a maize plant
`that comprise crossing maize variety PH251F with another
`maize plant. Methods for producing a maize plant contain-
`ing in its genetic material one or more traits introgressed into
`PH251F through backcross conversion and/or transforma-
`tion, and to the maize seed, plant and plant part produced
`thereby. Hybrid maize seed, plant or plant part produced by
`crossing
`the variety
`PH251F or a locus conversion of
`8
`y
`PH251F with another maize variety.
`
`See application file for complete search history.
`
`20 Claims, No Drawings
`
`Inari Exhibit 1109
`Inari Exhibit 1109
`Inari v. Pioneer
`Inari v. Pioneer
`
`

`

`US 9,426,963 B1
`
`1
`MAIZE INBRED PH251F
`
`CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED
`APPLICATIONS
`
`This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 to
`provisional application Ser. No. 61/945,244 filed Feb. 27,
`2014, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
`
`FIELD OF TIE INVENTION
`
`This invention relates generally to the field of maize, Zea
`mays L., breeding, specifically relating to an inbred maize
`variety designated PH251F.
`
`15
`
`BACKGROUNDOF THE INVENTION
`
`The goal of plant breeding is to combine, in a single
`variety or hybrid, various desirable traits. For field crops,
`these traits may include resistance to diseases and insects,
`resistance to heat and drought, reducing the time to crop
`maturity, greater yield, and better agronomic quality. With
`mechanical harvesting of many crops, uniformity of plant
`characteristics such as germination, stand establishment,
`growth rate, maturity, plant height and ear height, is impor-
`tant. Traditional plant breeding is an important
`tool
`in
`developing new and improved commercial crops.
`
`SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
`
`According to the invention, there is provided a novel
`maize, Zea mays L., variety, designated PH251F and pro-
`cesses for making PH251F. This invention relates to seed of
`maize variety PH251F,
`to the plants of maize variety
`PH251F, to plant parts of maize variety PH251F, and to
`processes for making a maize plant that comprise crossing
`maize variety PH251F with another maize plant. This inven-
`tion also relates to processes for making a maize plant
`containing in its genetic material one or more traits intro-
`gressed into PH251F through backcross conversion and/or
`transformation, and to the maize seed, plant and plant parts
`produced thereby. This invention further relates to a hybrid
`maize seed, plant or plant part produced by crossing the
`variety PH251F or a locus conversion of PH251F with
`another maize variety.
`
`DEFINITIONS
`
`Certain definitions used in the specification are provided
`below. Also in the examples that follow, a numberof terms
`are used herein. In order to provide a clear and consistent
`understanding of the specification and claims, including the
`scope to be given such terms, the following definitions are
`provided. NOTE: ABS is in absolute terms and % MN is
`percent of the mean for the experiments in which the inbred
`or hybrid was grown. PCT designates that
`the trait
`is
`calculated as a percentage. % NOT designates the percent-
`age of plants that did not exhibit a trait. For example,
`STKLDG % NOTis the percentage of plants in a plot that
`were not stalk lodged. These designators will follow the
`descriptors to denote how the values are to be interpreted.
`Below are the descriptors used in the data tables included
`herein.
`ABIOTIC STRESS TOLERANCE: resistance to non-
`
`biological sources of stress conferred by traits such as
`nitrogen utilization efficiency, altered nitrogen responsive-
`ness, drought resistance, cold, and salt resistance
`
`30
`
`40
`
`45
`
`55
`
`2
`ABTSTK=ARTIFICIAL BRITTLE STALK: A count of
`the numberof “snapped”plants per plot following machine
`snapping. A snapped plant has its stalk completely snapped
`at a node between the base of the plant and the node above
`the ear. Expressed as percent of plants that did not snap.
`ALLELE: Any of one or more alternative forms of a
`genetic sequence. In a diploid cell or organism, the two
`alleles of a given sequence typically occupy corresponding
`loci on a pair of homologous chromosomes.
`ALTER: The utilization of up-regulation, down-regula-
`tion, or gene silencing.
`ANTHESIS: The time of a flower’s opening.
`ANTIOXIDANT: A chemical compound or substance
`that inhibits oxidation, including but not limited to tocoph-
`erol or tocotrienols.
`ANT ROT=ANTHRACNOSESTALK ROT (Colletotri-
`chum graminicola): A 1
`to 9 visual rating indicating the
`resistance to Anthracnose Stalk Rot. A higher score indicates
`a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient
`selection pressure exists in the experiment measured.
`BACKCROSSING:Process in which a breeder crosses a
`
`hybrid progeny variety back to one of the parental genotypes
`one or more times.
`
`BACKCROSS PROGENY:Progeny plants produced by
`crossing PH251F with plants of another maize line that
`comprise a desiredtrait or locus, selecting F1 progenyplants
`that comprise the desired trait or locus, and crossing the
`selected F1 progeny plants with the PH251F plants 1 or
`more times to produce backcross progeny plants that com-
`prise said trait or locus.
`BARPLT=BARREN PLANTS: Thepercent of plants per
`plot that were not barren (lack ears).
`BLUP=BEST LINEAR UNBIASED PREDICTION.The
`
`BLUPvalues are determined from a mixed model analysis
`of hybrid performance observations at various locations and
`replications. BLUPvalues for inbred maize plants, breeding
`values, are estimated from the same analysis using pedigree
`information.
`BORBMN=ARTIFICIAL BRITTLE STALK MEAN:
`
`The meanpercentofplants not “snapped”in a plot following
`artificial selection pressure. A snapped plant has its stalk
`completely snapped at a node between the base ofthe plant
`and the node above the ear. Expressed as percent of plants
`that did not snap. A high number is good and indicates
`tolerance to brittle snapping.
`BRENGMN=BRITTLE STALK ENERGY MEAN: The
`mean amount of energy per unit area neededto artificially
`brittle snap a corn stalk. A high numberis good andindicates
`tolerance to brittle snapping.
`BREEDING: The genetic manipulation of living organ-
`isms.
`
`BREEDING CROSS: A cross to introduce new genetic
`material into a plant for the development of a new variety.
`For example, one could cross plant A with plant B, wherein
`plant B would be genetically different from plant A. After
`the breeding cross, the resulting F1 plants could then be
`selfed or sibbed for one, two, three or more times (F1, F2,
`F3, etc.) until a new inbred variety is developed.
`BREEDING VALUE: A relative value determined by
`evaluating the progeny of the parent. For corn the progeny
`is often the F1 generation and the parent is often an inbred
`variety.
`BRLPNE=ARTIFICIAL ROOT LODGING EARLY
`
`SEASON: Thepercent of plants not root lodged in a plot
`followingartificial selection pressure applied prior to flow-
`ering. A plant is considered root lodgedif it leans from the
`vertical axis at an approximately 30 degree angle or greater.
`
`

`

`US 9,426,963 B1
`
`3
`Expressed as percentof plants that did not root lodge. A high
`numberis good andindicates tolerance to root lodging.
`BRLPNL=ARTIFICIAL ROOT LODGING LATE SEA-
`
`4
`score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only
`when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment
`measured.
`
`lodged in a plot
`SON: The percent of plants not root
`following artificial selection pressure during grain fill. A
`plant is considered root lodged if it leans from the vertical
`axis at an approximately 30 degree angle or greater.
`Expressed as percentof plants that did not root lodge. A high
`numberis good andindicates tolerance to root lodging.
`BRTSTK=BRITTILE STALKS: This is a measure of the
`
`stalk breakage near the time of pollination, and is an
`indication of whether a hybrid or inbred would snap or break
`near the time of flowering under severe winds. Data are
`presented as percentage of plants that did not snap. Data are
`collected only whensufficient selection pressure exists in the
`experiment measured.
`BRTPCN=BRITTLE STALKS: This is an estimate of the
`
`stalk breakage near the time of pollination, and is an
`indication of whether a hybrid or inbred would snap or break
`near the time of flowering under severe winds. Data are
`presented as percentage of plants that did not snap. Data are
`collected only whensufficient selection pressure exists in the
`experiment measured.
`CARBOHYDRATE: Organic compounds comprising
`carbon, oxygen and hydrogen,
`including sugars, starches
`and cellulose.
`
`CELL: Cell as used herein includes a plant cell, whether
`isolated, in tissue culture or incorporated in a plant or plant
`part.
`CLDTST=COLD TEST: The percent of plants that ger-
`minate under cold test conditions.
`
`CLN=CORN LETHAL NECROSIS: Synergistic interac-
`tion of maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV)in combina-
`tion with either maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV-A or
`MDMV-B)or wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV). A 1 to 9
`visual rating indicating the resistance to Corn Lethal Necro-
`sis. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are
`collected only whensufficient selection pressure exists in the
`experiment measured.
`CMSMT=COMMON SMUT: This is the percentage of
`plants not infected with Common Smut. Data are collected
`only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experi-
`ment measured.
`
`COMRST=COMMONRUST(Puccinia sorghi): A 1 to 9
`visual rating indicating the resistance to Common Rust. A
`higher score indicates a higherresistance. Data are collected
`only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experi-
`ment measured.
`CROSS POLLINATION:Fertilization by the union of
`two gametes from different plants.
`CROSSING: The combination of genetic material by
`traditional methods such as a breeding cross or backcross,
`but also including protoplast fusion and other molecular
`biology methods of combining genetic material from two
`sources.
`
`D and D1-Dn: represents the generation of doubled hap-
`loid.
`
`D/D=DRYDOWN:This represents the relative rate at
`which a hybrid will reach acceptable harvest moisture
`compared to other hybrids on a 1 to 9 rating scale. A high
`score indicates a hybrid that dries relatively fast while a low
`score indicates a hybrid that dries slowly.
`DIGENG=DIGESTIBLE ENERGY:Near-infrared trans-
`
`mission spectroscopy, NIT, prediction of digestible energy.
`DIPERS=D/PLODIA EAR MOLD SCORES (Diplodia
`maydis and Diplodia macrospora): A 1 to 9 visual rating
`indicating the resistance to Diplodia Ear Mold. A higher
`
`15
`
`20
`
`25
`
`30
`
`35
`
`40
`
`45
`
`50
`
`55
`
`60
`
`65
`
`DIPLOID PLANT PART:Refersto a plant part or cell that
`has the same diploid genotype as PH251F.
`DIPROT=D/PLODIA STALK ROT SCORE: Score of
`stalk rot severity due to Diplodia (Diplodia maydis).
`Expressed as a 1 to 9 score with 9 being highly resistant.
`Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure
`exists in the experiment measured.
`DRPEAR=DROPPEDEARS: A measure of the number
`of dropped ears per plot and represents the percentage of
`plants that did not drop ears prior to harvest. Data are
`collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the
`experiment measured.
`D/T=DROUGHT TOLERANCE: This represents a 1 to 9
`rating for drought tolerance, and is based on data obtained
`understress conditions. A high score indicates good drought
`tolerance and a low score indicates poor droughttolerance.
`Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure
`exists in the experiment measured.
`EARHT=EAR HEIGHT: The ear height is a measure
`from the ground to the highest placed developed ear node
`attachment and is measured in inches.
`
`EARMLD=GENERAL EAR MOLD: Visualrating (1 to
`9 score) where a 1
`is very susceptible and a 9 is very
`resistant. This is based on overall rating for ear mold of
`mature ears without determining the specific mold organism,
`and may not be predictive for a specific ear mold. Data are
`collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the
`experiment measured.
`EARSZ=EARSIZE: A 1 to 9 visual rating of ear size. The
`higher the rating the larger the ear size.
`EBTSTK=EARLY BRITTLE STALK: A count of the
`numberof “snapped”plants per plot following severe winds
`when the corn plant is experiencing very rapid vegetative
`growth in the V5-V8 stage. Expressed as percent of plants
`that did not snap. Data are collected only when sufficient
`selection pressure exists in the experiment measured.
`ECB1 LF=EUROPEAN CORN BORER FIRST GEN-
`
`ERATION LEAF FEEDING (Ostrinia nubilalis): A 1 to 9
`visual rating indicating the resistance to preflowering leaf
`feeding by first generation European Corn Borer. A higher
`score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only
`when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment
`measured.
`ECB2IT=KEUROPEAN CORN BORER SECOND GEN-
`
`ERATION INCHES OF TUNNELING(Ostrinia nubilalis):
`Average inches of tunneling per plant in the stalk. Data are
`collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the
`experiment measured.
`ECB2SC=EUROPEAN CORN BORER SECOND GEN-
`
`ERATION (Ostrinia nubilalis): A 1 to 9 visual rating indi-
`cating post flowering degree of stalk breakage and other
`evidence of feeding by second generation European Corn
`Borer. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are
`collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the
`experiment measured.
`ECBDPE=EUROPEAN CORN BORER DROPPED
`
`EARS(Ostrinia nubilalis): Dropped ears due to European
`Corn Borer. Percentage of plants that did not drop ears under
`second generation European Corn Borer infestation. Data
`are collected only whensufficient selection pressure exists in
`the experiment measured.
`ECBLSI=EUROPEAN CORN BORER LATE SEASON
`
`INTACT (Ostrinia nubilalis): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicat-
`ing late season intactness of the corn plant given damage
`
`

`

`US 9,426,963 B1
`
`5
`(stalk breakage above and below the top ear) caused pri-
`marily by 2”” and/or 3’% generation ECB larval feeding
`before harvest. A higher score is good and indicates more
`intact plants. Data are collected only whensufficient selec-
`tion pressure exists in the experiment measured.
`EGRWTH=EARLY GROWTH: This is a measure of the
`
`relative height and size of a corn seedling at the 2-4 leaf
`stage of growth. This is a visual rating (1 to 9), with 1 being
`weak or slow growth, 5 being average growth and 9 being
`strong growth. Taller plants, wider leaves, more green mass
`and darker color constitute higher score. Data are collected
`only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experi-
`ment measured.
`
`ERTLDG=EARLY ROOT LODGING:Thepercentage of
`plants that do not root lodge prior to or around anthesis;
`plants that lean from the vertical axis at an approximately 30
`degree angle or greater would be counted as root lodged.
`Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure
`exists in the experiment measured.
`ERTLPN=EARLY ROOT LODGING:An estimate of the
`
`percentageofplants that do not root lodge prior to or around
`anthesis; plants that lean from the vertical axis at an approxi-
`mately 30 degree angle or greater would be considered as
`root lodged. Data are collected only when sufficient selec-
`tion pressure exists in the experiment measured.
`ERTLSC=EARLY ROOT LODGING SCORE:Score for
`severity of plants that
`lean from a vertical axis at an
`approximate 30 degree angle or greater which typically
`results from strong winds prior to or around flowering
`recorded within 2 weeks of a wind event. Expressed as a 1
`to 9 score with 9 being no lodging. Data are collected only
`when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment
`measured.
`ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS: Amino acids that cannot
`
`be synthesized by an organism and therefore must be sup-
`plied in the diet.
`ESTCNT=EARLY STAND COUNT:Thisis a measure of
`
`the stand establishment in the spring and represents the
`numberofplants that emerge on perplot basis for the inbred
`or hybrid.
`EXPRESSING: Having the genetic potential such that
`under the right conditions, the phenotypic trait is present.
`EXTSTR=EXTRACTABLE STARCH: Near-infrared
`transmission spectroscopy, NIT, prediction of extractable
`starch.
`FYESPT=EYE SPOT (Kahatiella zeae or Aureobasidium
`zeae): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Eye
`Spot. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are
`collected only whensufficient selection pressure exists in the
`experiment measured.
`FATTY ACID: A carboxylic acid (or organic acid), often
`with a long aliphatic tail (long chains), either saturated or
`unsaturated.
`
`Fl PROGENY:A progeny plant produced by crossing a
`plant of one maize with a plant of another maizeline.
`FUSERS=FUSARIUM EAR ROT SCORE (Fusarium
`moniliforme or Fusarium subglutinans): A 1
`to 9 visual
`rating indicating the resistance to Fusarium Ear Rot. A
`higher score indicates a higherresistance. Data are collected
`only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experi-
`ment measured.
`GDU=GROWING DEGREE UNITS: Using the Barger
`Heat Unit Theory, which assumesthat maize growth occurs
`in the temperature range 50 degrees F.-86 degrees F. and that
`temperatures outside this range slow down growth;
`the
`maximum daily heat unit accumulation is 36 and the mini-
`
`15
`
`20
`
`25
`
`30
`
`35
`
`40
`
`45
`
`50
`
`55
`
`60
`
`65
`
`6
`mum daily heat unit accumulation is 0. The seasonal accu-
`mulation of GDU is a major factor in determining maturity
`zones.
`
`GDUSHD=GDU TO SHED: The number of growing
`degree units (GDUs) or heat units required for an inbred
`variety or hybrid to have approximately 50 percent of the
`plants shedding pollen and is measured from the time of
`planting. Growing degree units are calculated by the Barger
`Method, where the heat units for a 24-hour period are:
`
`GDU
`
`_ (Max. temp. + Min. temp.)
`2
`
`50
`
`The units determined by the Barger Method are then
`divided by 10. The highest maximum temperature used is 86
`degrees F. and the lowest minimum temperature used is 50
`degrees F. For each inbred or hybrid it takes a certain
`number of GDUsto reach various stages of plant develop-
`ment.
`
`
`
`GDUSLK=GDU TO SILK: The number of growing
`degree units required for an inbred variety or hybrid to have
`approximately 50 percent of the plants with silk emergence
`from time of planting. Growing degree units are calculated
`by the Barger Method as given in GDU SHDdefinition and
`then divided by 10.
`GENE SILENCING:Theinterruption or suppression of
`the expression of a gene at the level of transcription or
`translation.
`
`GENOTYPE: Refers to the genetic mark-up or profile of
`a cell or organism.
`GIBERS=G/BBERELLA EAR ROT (PINK MOLD)
`(Gibberella zeae): A 1
`to 9 visual rating indicating the
`resistance to Gibberella Ear Rot. A higher score indicates a
`higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient
`selection pressure exists in the experiment measured.
`GIBROT=G/BBERELLA STALK ROT SCORE: Score of
`
`stalk rot severity due to Gibberella (Gibberella zeae).
`Expressed as a 1 to 9 score with 9 being highly resistant.
`Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure
`exists in the experiment measured.
`GLFSPT=GRAY LEAF SPOT (Cercospora zeae-may-
`dis): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Gray
`Leaf Spot. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data
`are collected only whensufficient selection pressure exists in
`the experiment measured.
`(Corynebacterium
`WILT
`GOSWLT=GOSS’
`nebraskense): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance
`to Goss’ Wilt. A higher score indicates a higherresistance.
`Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure
`exists in the experiment measured.
`GRNAPP=GRAIN APPEARANCE: This is a 1
`
`to 9
`
`rating for the general appearance ofthe shelled grain asit is
`harvested based on such factors as the color of harvested
`
`grain, any mold on the grain, and any cracked grain. High
`scores indicate good grain visual quality.
`HAPLOID PLANTPART: Refers to a plant part or cell
`that has a haploid genotype.
`H and H1: Refers to the haploid generation.
`HCBLT=HELMINTHOSPORIUM CARBONUM LEAF
`
`to 9 visual
`BLIGHT (Helminthosporium carbonum): A 1
`rating indicating the resistance to Helminthosporium infec-
`tion. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are
`collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the
`experiment measured.
`
`

`

`US 9,426,963 B1
`
`7
`HD SMT=HEAD SMUT (Sphacelotheca reiliana): This
`indicates the percentage of plants not infected. Data are
`collected only whensufficient selection pressure exists in the
`experiment measured.
`HSKCVR=HUSK COVER: A 1
`
`to 9 score based on
`
`performance relative to key checks, with a score of 1
`indicating very short husks, tip of ear and kernels showing;
`5 is intermediate coverage of the ear under most conditions,
`sometimes with thin husk; and a 9 has husks extending and
`closed beyondthe tip of the ear. Scoring can best be done
`near physiological maturity stage or any time during dry
`down until harvested.
`
`HTFRM=Near-infrared transmission spectroscopy, NIT:
`prediction of fermentables.
`HYBRID VARIETY:A substantially heterozygous hybrid
`line and minor genetic modifications thereof that retain the
`overall genetics of the hybrid line including but not limited
`to a locus conversion, a mutation, or a somoclonal variant.
`INBRED: A variety developed through inbreeding or
`doubled haploidy that preferably comprises homozygous
`alleles at about 95% or more of its loci. An inbred can be
`
`reproduced by selfing or growing in isolation so that the
`plants can only pollinate with the same inbred variety.
`INC D/A=GROSS INCOME (DOLLARS PER ACRE):
`Relative incomeper acre assuming drying costs of two cents
`per point above 15.5 percent harvest moisture and current
`market price per bushel.
`INCOME/ACRE: Incomeadvantage of hybrid to be pat-
`ented over other hybrid on per acre basis.
`INC ADV=GROSS INCOME ADVANTAGE: Gross
`
`income advantage of variety #1 over variety #2.
`INTROGRESSION:The process of transferring genetic
`material from one genotype to another.
`KERUNT=KERNELSPER UNIT AREA(Acres or Hect-
`ares).
`KERPOP=KERNEL POP SCORE: Thevisual 1-9 rating
`of the amountof rupturing of the kernel pericarp at an early
`stage in grain fill. A higher score is good and indicates no
`popped (ruptured) kernels.
`KER_WT=KERNEL NUMBER PER UNIT WEIGHT
`(Pounds or Kilograms): The numberof kernels in a specific
`measured weight; determined after removal of extremely
`small and large kernels.
`KSZDCD=KERNEL SIZE DISCARD: The percent of
`discard seed; calculated as the sum ofdiscarded tip kernels
`and extra-large kernels.
`LINKAGE: Refers to a phenomenon wherein alleles on
`the same chromosometend to segregate together more often
`than expected by chanceif their transmission was indepen-
`dent.
`
`LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM:Refers to a phenomenon
`wherein alleles tend to remain together in linkage groups
`when segregating from parents to offspring, with a greater
`frequency than expected from their individual frequencies.
`LOCUS: A specific location on a chromosome.
`LOCUS CONVERSION (Also called a TRAIT CON-
`VERSION): A locus conversion refers to plants within a
`variety that have been modified in a mannerthatretains the
`overall genetics of the variety and further comprises one or
`moreloci with a specific desiredtrait, such as malesterility,
`insect control, disease control or herbicide tolerance.
`Examples of single locus conversions include mutant genes,
`transgenes and nativetraits finely mappedto a single locus.
`One or more locus conversion traits may be introduced into
`a single corn variety.
`L/POP=YIELD AT LOW DENSITY: Yield ability at
`relatively low plant densities on a 1 to 9 relative system with
`
`15
`
`20
`
`25
`
`30
`
`35
`
`40
`
`45
`
`50
`
`55
`
`60
`
`65
`
`8
`a higher numberindicating the hybrid responds well to low
`plant densities for yield relative to other hybrids. A 1, 5, and
`9 would represent very poor, average, and very good yield
`response, respectively, to low plant density.
`LRTLDG=LATE ROOT LODGING:The percentage of
`plants that do not root lodge after anthesis through harvest;
`plants that lean from the vertical axis at an approximately 30
`degree angle or greater would be counted as root lodged.
`Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure
`exists in the experiment measured.
`LRTLPN=LATE ROOT LODGING:An estimate of the
`
`percentage of plants that do not root lodge after anthesis
`through harvest; plants that lean from the vertical axis at an
`approximately 30 degree angle or greater would be consid-
`ered as root lodged. Data are collected only when sufficient
`selection pressure exists in the experiment measured.
`LRTLSC=LATE ROOT LODGING SCORE: Score for
`
`lean from a vertical axis at an
`severity of plants that
`approximate 30 degree angle or greater which typically
`results from strong winds after flowering. Recordedprior to
`harvest when a root-lodging event has occurred. This lodg-
`ing results in plants that are leaned or “lodged” over at the
`base of the plant and do notstraighten or “goose-neck” back
`to a vertical position. Expressed as a 1 to 9 score with 9
`being no lodging. Data are collected only when sufficient
`selection pressure exists in the experiment measured.
`MALE STERILITY: A male sterile plant is one which
`produces no viable pollen no (pollen that is able to fertilize
`the egg to produce a viable seed). Male sterility prevents self
`pollination. These male sterile plants are therefore useful in
`hybrid plant production.
`MDMCPX=MAIZE DWARF MOSAIC COMPLEX
`
`(MDMV=Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus and MCDV=Maize
`Chlorotic Dwarf Virus): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the
`resistance to Maize Dwarf Mosaic Complex. A higher score
`indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when
`sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment mea-
`sured.
`
`MILKLN=percent milk in mature grain.
`MST=HARVEST MOISTURE: The moisture is
`
`the
`
`actual percentage moisture of the grain at harvest.
`MSTADV=MOISTURE ADVANTAGE: The moisture
`advantage of variety #1 over variety #2 as calculated by:
`MOISTURE of variety
`#2-MOISTURE of variety
`#1=MOISTURE ADVANTAGEofvariety #1.
`NEI DISTANCE: A quantitative measure of percent simi-
`larity between twovarieties. Nei’s distance between variet-
`ies A and B can be defined as 1-(2*number alleles in
`common/(number alleles in A+numberalleles in B). For
`example, if varieties A and B are the samefor 95 out of 100
`alleles, the Nei distance would be 0.05. If varieties A and B
`are the samefor 98 out of 100alleles, the Nei distance would
`be 0.02. Free software for calculating Nei distance is avail-
`able on the internet at multiple locations. See Nei, Proc Natl
`Acad Sci, 76:5269-5273 (1979) which is incorporated by
`reference for this purpose.
`NLFBLT=NORTHERN LEAF BLIGHT (Helminthospo-
`rium turcicum or Exserohilum turcicum): A 1
`to 9 visual
`rating indicating the resistance to Northern Leaf Blight. A
`higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected
`only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experi-
`ment measured.
`
`NUCLEIC ACID: An acidic, chainlike biological macro-
`molecule consisting of multiple repeat units of phosphoric
`acid, sugar, and purine and pyrimidine bases.
`
`

`

`US 9,426,963 B1
`
`9
`OILT=GRAIN OIL: Absolute value of oil content of the
`
`kernel as predicted by Near-Infrared Transmittance and
`expressed as a percent of dry matter.
`PERCENT IDENTITY: Percent identity as used herein
`refers to the comparison of the alleles present
`in two
`varieties. For example, when comparing twoinbredplants to
`each other, each inbred plant will have the sameallele (and
`therefore be homozygous)at almostall of their loci. Percent
`identity is determined by comparinga statistically signifi-
`cant number of the homozygousalleles of two varieties. For
`example, a percent identity of 90% between PH251F and
`other variety means that the two varieties have the same
`homozygousalleles at 90% of their loci.
`PLANT: As used herein, the term “plant” includesrefer-
`ence to an immature or mature wholeplant, including a plant
`that has been detasseled or from which seed or grain has
`been removed. Seed or embryothat will produce theplantis
`also considered to be the plant.
`the term “plant part”
`PLANT PART: As used herein,
`includes leaves, stems, roots, seed, grain, embryo, pollen,
`ovules, flowers, ears, cobs, husks, stalks, root tips, anthers,
`pericarp, silk, tissue, cells and thelike.
`PLATFORMindicates the variety with the base genetics
`and the variety with the base genetics comprising locus
`conversion(s). There can be a platform for the inbred maize
`variety and the hybrid maize variety.
`PLTHT=PLANT HEIGHT: This is a measure of the
`
`5
`
`15
`
`20
`
`25
`
`height of the plant from the groundto the tip of the tassel in
`inches.
`POLPRD=POLLEN PRODUCTION SCORE: Theesti-
`
`30
`
`mated total amount of pollen produced by tassels based on
`the numberof tassel branches and the density of the spike-
`lets.
`POLSC=POLLEN SCORE: A 0 to 9 visual rating indi-
`cating the amountof pollen shed. The higher the score the
`more pollen shed.
`POLWT=POLLEN WEIGHT: This is calculated by dry
`weight of tassels collected as shedding commences minus
`dry weight from similar tassels harvested after shedding is
`complete.
`POP K/A=PLANT POPULATIONS: Measured as 1000’s
`per acre.
`POP ADV=PLANT POPULATION ADVANTAGE: The
`plant population advantage of variety #1 over variety #2 as
`calculated by PLANT POPULATIONofvariety #2-PLANT
`POPULATION of variety #1=PILANT POPUIATION
`ADVANTAGEofvariety #1.
`PRM=PREDICTED RELATIVE MATURITY:Thistrait,
`predicted relative maturity, is based on the harvest moisture
`of the grain. The relative maturity rating is based on a known
`set of checks andutilizes standard linear regression analyses
`andis also referred to as the Comparative Relative Maturity
`Rating System that is similar to the Minnesota Relative
`Maturity Rating System.
`PRMSHD: A relative measure of the growing degree units
`(GDU)required to reach 50% pollen shed. Relative values
`are predicted values from the linear regression of observed
`GDU’s on relative maturity of commercial checks.
`PROT=GRAIN PROTEIN: Absolute value of protein
`content of the kernel as predicted by Near-Infrared Trans-
`mittance and expressed as a percent of dry matter.
`RESISTANCE: Synonymous with tolerance. The ability
`of a plant
`to withstand exposure to an insect, disease,
`herbicide or other condition. A resistant plant variety will
`have a level of resistance higher than a comparable wild-
`type variety.
`
`35
`
`40
`
`45
`
`50
`
`55
`
`65
`
`10
`RTLDG=ROOT LODGING:Rootlodging is the percent-
`age of plants that do not root lodge; plants that lean from the
`vertical axis at an approximately 30 degree angle or greater
`would be counted as root lodged. Data are collected only
`when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment
`measured.
`RTLADV=ROOT LODGING ADVANTAGE: The root
`
`lodging advantage of variety #1 over variety #2. Data are
`collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the
`experime