4/28/24, 1:24 PM
`
`Young's Modulus: Modulus of Elasticity Units & Formula
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`Modulus of Elasticity
`1. What are stress and strain?
`2. What is Young’s modulus?
`3. What are the units of Young’s
`modulus?
`4. What are the factors affecng
`Young’s modulus?
`5. Which plascs have high or low
`modulus?
`6. What is the modulus value of
`plascs vs. others?
`7. What are the applicaons of Young’s modulus?
`8. What are the test methods to calculate Young’s modulus?
`9. Which instrument is used to determine Young’s modulus?
`10. What are the Young’s modulus values of several plascs?
`
`What are stress and strain?
`
`Definion of stress
`
`Stress is defined as the force per unit area of plasc. The units of stress are N/m2 or Pa.
`
`σ = F/A
`
`where,
`
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`4/28/24, 1:24 PM
`Young's Modulus: Modulus of Elasticity Units & Formula
`σ is the stress (in Newtons per square meter or, equivalently, Pascals),
`F is the force (in Newtons, commonly abbreviated N), and
`A is the cross-seconal area of the sample.
`
`Definion of strain
`
`Strain is defined as extension per unit length. And, since it is a rao of lengths, the strain has no units.
`
`ε = ΔL/L0; ΔL = L-L0
`
`where,
`ε is the strain
`L0 is the original length of a bar being stretched,
`L is its length aer it has been stretched, and
`ΔL is the extension of the bar, the difference between these two lengths.
`
`What is Young’s modulus?
`
`Young’s modulus is the rao of stress to the strain applied to the material. The force is applied along the longitudinal
`axis of the specimen tested. It is the measure of the sffness of an elasc material.
`
`The formula of Young's modulus is:
`
`E = σ/ε
`
`where,
`E is the Young’s modulus
`σ is the stress and
`ε is the strain
`
`Other names include tensile modulus, elasc modulus, or modulus of elascity.
`
`The physics behind young's modulus
`
`When a stretching force (tensile force) is applied to an object, it extends. Its behavior can be obtained using stress-
`strain curve in the elasc deformaon region. This is known as Hooke’s Law. The extension that a force produces
`depends upon the:
`
`material
`dimensions of the object (e.g., length, thickness, etc.)
`
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`4/28/24, 1:24 PM
`
`Young's Modulus: Modulus of Elasticity Units & Formula
`
`What are the units of Young’s modulus?
`
`SI unit of Young modulus is Pascal (Pa). It is also equal to newton per square meter (N/m2).
`
`The praccal units used in plascs are:
`
`Megapascals (MPa or N/mm2)
`Gigapascals (GPa or kN/mm2)
`
`In the United States customary units, it is oen expressed as pounds (force) per square inch (psi).
`
`What are the factors affecting Young’s modulus?
`
`The modulus is closely related to the binding energies of the atoms. Binding forces and modulus of elascity are
`higher for high melng point materials. Young’s modulus depends on the orientaon of a single crystal material.
`
`The higher temperature in the material increases atomic vibraon. This in turn decreases the necessary energy to
`separate the atoms from one another. This generally decreases the stress needed to produce a given strain.
`
`Relaon between tensile properes and temperature (Source: Engineering Archives)
`
`Presence of impurity atoms, alloying atoms, non-metallic inclusions, secondary phase parcles, dislocaons (shis or
`mismatches in the lace structure), and defects (cracks, grain boundaries, etc.). All of these things can serve to either
`weaken or strengthen a material.
`
`Anything that impedes the moon of dislocaons through the lace tends to increase the modulus. This will
`thus the yield strength.
`Anything that facilitates dislocaon movement or localized stress will decrease strength. An increase in
`temperature eases dislocaon movement. Cracks and inclusions rise localized stress. For example, promong
`early onset of failure.
`
`Back to Top
`Get Inspired: Prevent plascs component's failure by understanding the top 3 root causes & implemenng correcve
`
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`

`4/28/24, 1:24 PM
`acons right from the start.
`
`Young's Modulus: Modulus of Elasticity Units & Formula
`
`Which plastics have high or low modulus?
`
`Polymers with High Modulus - View Product List
`Polymers with Low Modulus - View Product List
`
`What is the modulus values of plastics vs. others?
`
`The modulus of elascity of plascs is much smaller than that for metals, ceramics, and glasses. For example:
`
`The modulus of elascity of nylon is 2.7 GPa (0.4 x 106 psi)
`The modulus of glass fibers is 72 GPa (10.5 x 106 psi)
`The Young’s modulus of composites such as glass fiber-reinforced composites (GFRC) or carbon fiber-reinforced
`composites (CFRC) lies between the values for the matrix polymer and the fiber phase (carbon or glass fibers)
`and depends upon their relave volume fracons.
`
`What are the applications of Young’s modulus?
`
`Elasc modulus is an important mechanical property for:
`
`1. Material selecon for various purposes. This depends upon how the polymer reacts under different types of
`forces. For example, high-sffness materials should have a higher Young's modulus.
`2. Product design for specific industries. Used in several engineering as well as medical applicaons.
`3. Performance analysis determines the batch quality and consistency in the manufacture. This in turn reduces
`material costs.
`
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`4/28/24, 1:24 PM
`
`Young's Modulus: Modulus of Elasticity Units & Formula
`
`What are the test methods to calculate Young’s modulus?
`
`In general, “tensile test methods” measure the modulus of elascity of materials. The common methods used are:
`
`ASTM D638 - Standard Test Method for Tensile Properes of Plascs
`ISO 527-1:2012 - Determinaon of tensile properes. General principles
`
`These methods determine the tensile properes of plascs and plasc composites. This is done under defined
`condions that can range from:
`
`pretreatment,
`temperature,
`humidity, and
`machine speed
`
`The test specimens are in the form of a standard dumbbell shaped.
`
`For ASTM D638, the test speed is determined by the material specificaon. For ISO 527, the test speed is typically 5 or
`50 mm/min for measuring strength and elongaon, and 1 mm/min for measuring modulus.
`
`Apart from Young's modulus, the tensile test results can also calculate:
`
`Tensile strength (at yield and at break)
`Tensile modulus
`Strain
`Elongaon and percent elongaon at yield
`Elongaon and percent elongaon at break
`
`Which instrument is used to determine Young’s modulus?
`
`An extensometer determines the elongaon and tensile modulus. It is a device that measures the changes in the
`length of an object. It evaluates the stress-strain curve values.
`
`The two main types of extensometers are contact and non-contact.
`
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`4/28/24, 1:24 PM
`Young's Modulus: Modulus of Elasticity Units & Formula
`1. Contact extensometers are further divided into two types:
`
`Clip-on extensometer: They can measure displacements from very small to relavely large. That is from less
`than 1 mm to over 100 mm. Used for applicaons requiring high-precision strain measurement (most ASTM-
`based tests). Major advantages include:
`
`Low cost
`Easy to use
`
`Automated tesng clip-ons: They replace digital "sensor arm" extensometers. They can be applied to the
`specimen automacally by a motorized system. They produce much more repeatable results than tradional
`clip-on devices. They measure very high extensions (up to 1000 mm) without losing any accuracy. Major
`advantages include:
`
`2. Non-contact extensometers: These devices are beginning to bring advantages for certain applicaons. Especially, in
`
`Beer linearity,
`reduced signal noise, and
`synchronizaon with the corresponding force data.
`
`industries where it is impraccal to use contact extensometers.▶▶
`
`Check Out an Interesng Video Showing Method to Test Elasc Modulus (Source: ADMET Tesng Systems)
`
`What are Young's modulus values of several plastics?
`
`Click to find polymer you are looking for:
`
`A-C | E-M | PA-PC | PE-PL | PM-PP | PS-X
`
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`

`4/28/24, 1:24 PM
`
`Young's Modulus: Modulus of Elasticity Units & Formula
`
`Polymer Name
`
`Min Value (GPa)
`
`Max Value (GPa)
`
`ABS - Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene
`
`ABS Flame Retardant
`
`ABS High Heat
`
`ABS High Impact
`ABS/PC Blend - Acrylonitrile Butadiene
`Styrene/Polycarbonate Blend
`ABS/PC Blend 20% Glass Fiber
`
`ABS/PC Flame Retardant
`Amorphous TPI Blend, Ultra-high heat, Chemical
`Resistant (High Flow)
`Amorphous TPI, High Heat, High Flow, Lead-Free
`Solderable, 30% GF
`Amorphous TPI, High Heat, High Flow, Transparent,
`Lead-Free Solderable (High Flow)
`Amorphous TPI, High Heat, High Flow, Transparent,
`Lead-Free Solderable (Standard Flow)
`Amorphous TPI, Highest Heat, Chemical Resistant,
`260°C UL RTI
`Amorphous TPI, Moderate Heat, Transparent
`Amorphous TPI, Moderate Heat, Transparent (Food
`Contact Approved)
`Amorphous TPI, Moderate Heat, Transparent (Mold
`Release grade)
`Amorphous TPI, Moderate Heat, Transparent
`(Powder form)
`ASA - Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate
`ASA/PC Blend - Acrylonitrile Styrene
`Acrylate/Polycarbonate Blend
`ASA/PC Flame Retardant
`ASA/PVC Blend - Acrylonitrile Styrene
`Acrylate/Polyvinyl Chloride Blend
`CA - Cellulose Acetate
`
`CAB - Cellulose Acetate Butyrate
`
`Cellulose Diacetate-Pearlescent Films
`
`https://omnexus.specialchem.com/polymer-property/young-modulus
`
`1.79
`
`2.00
`
`1.50
`
`1.00
`
`2.00
`
`6.00
`
`2.60
`
`3.50
`
`3.20
`
`3.00
`
`3.00
`
`2.50
`
`2.20
`
`6.00
`
`3.00
`
`3.50
`
`10.53
`
`10.53
`
`3.10
`
`3.16
`
`3.90
`
`3.11
`
`3.11
`
`3.12
`
`3.11
`
`2.00
`
`2.00
`
`2.50
`
`2.00
`
`0.60
`
`0.40
`
`2.00
`
`3.10
`
`3.16
`
`3.90
`
`3.11
`
`3.10
`
`3.12
`
`3.11
`
`2.60
`
`2.60
`
`2.50
`
`2.20
`
`2.80
`
`1.70
`
`2.50
`
`Back to Top
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`7/14
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`4/28/24, 1:24 PM
`Cellulose Diacetate-Gloss Film
`
`Young's Modulus: Modulus of Elasticity Units & Formula
`2.00
`
`Cellulose Diacetate-Integuard Films
`
`Cellulose Diacetate-Ma Film
`Cellulose Diacetate-Window Patch Film (Food
`Grade)
`Cellulose Diacetate-Clareflect metallized film
`
`Cellulose Diacetate-Colored Films
`
`Cellulose Diacetate-Flame retardant Film
`
`Cellulose Diacetate-High Slip Film
`
`Cellulose Diacetate-Semitone Films
`
`CP - Cellulose Proprionate
`
`COC - Cyclic Olefin Copolymer
`
`CPVC - Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride
`
`ECTFE
`
`ETFE - Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene
`
`EVA - Ethylene Vinyl Acetate
`
`EVOH - Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol
`
`FEP - Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene
`
`HDPE - High Density Polyethylene
`
`HIPS - High Impact Polystyrene
`
`HIPS Flame Retardant V0
`
`Ionomer (Ethylene-Methyl Acrylate Copolymer)
`
`LCP - Liquid Crystal Polymer
`
`LCP Carbon Fiber-reinforced
`
`LCP Glass Fiber-reinforced
`
`LCP Mineral-filled
`
`LDPE - Low Density Polyethylene
`
`LLDPE - Linear Low Density Polyethylene
`MABS - Transparent Acrylonitrile Butadiene
`Styrene
`PA 11 - (Polyamide 11) 30% Glass fiber reinforced
`PA 46 - Polyamide 46
`
`https://omnexus.specialchem.com/polymer-property/young-modulus
`
`2.50
`
`2.00
`
`2.00
`
`2.10
`
`2.00
`
`2.00
`
`2.30
`
`2.00
`
`0.45
`
`2.60
`
`2.50
`
`1.70
`
`0.80
`
`0.01
`
`1.90
`
`0.30
`
`0.50
`
`1.50
`
`2.00
`
`0.80
`
`10.00
`
`31.00
`
`13.00
`
`12.00
`
`0.13
`
`0.266
`
`1.90
`
`3.80
`1.00
`
`2.50
`
`2.90
`
`2.90
`
`2.50
`
`2.60
`
`2.50
`
`2.50
`
`2.80
`
`2.50
`
`1.40
`
`3.20
`
`3.20
`
`1.70
`
`0.80
`
`0.20
`
`3.50
`
`0.70
`
`1.10
`
`3.00
`
`2.50
`
`0.40
`
`19.00
`
`37.00
`
`24.00
`
`22.00
`
`0.30
`
`0.525
`
`2.00
`
`5.20
`3.30
`
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`
`8/14
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`

`4/28/24, 1:24 PM
`
`Young's Modulus: Modulus of Elasticity Units & Formula
`
`PA 46, 30% Glass Fiber
`
`PA 6 - Polyamide 6
`
`PA 6-10 - Polyamide 6-10
`
`PA 66 - Polyamide 6-6
`
`PA 66, 30% Glass Fiber
`
`PA 66, 30% Mineral filled
`
`PA 66, Impact Modified, 15-30% Glass Fiber
`
`PA 66, Impact Modified
`
`Polyamide semi-aromac
`
`PAI - Polyamide-Imide
`
`PAI, 30% Glass Fiber
`
`PAI, Low Fricon
`
`PAN - Polyacrylonitrile
`
`PAR - Polyarylate
`
`PARA (Polyarylamide), 30-60% glass fiber
`
`PBT - Polybutylene Terephthalate
`
`PBT, 30% Glass Fiber
`
`PC (Polycarbonate) 20-40% Glass Fiber
`PC (Polycarbonate) 20-40% Glass Fiber Flame
`Retardant
`PC - Polycarbonate, high heat
`PC/PBT Blend - Polycarbonate/Polybutylene
`Terephthalate Blend
`PC/PBT blend, Glass Filled
`
`PCL - Polycaprolactone
`
`PCTFE - Polymonochlorotrifluoroethylene
`
`PE - Polyethylene 30% Glass Fiber
`
`PE/TPS Blend - Polyethylene/Thermoplasc Starch
`
`PEEK - Polyetheretherketone
`
`PEEK 30% Carbon Fiber-reinforced
`
`PEEK 30% Glass Fiber-reinforced
`
`https://omnexus.specialchem.com/polymer-property/young-modulus
`
`7.80
`
`0.80
`
`1.00
`
`1.00
`
`5.00
`
`1.40
`
`2.00
`
`0.80
`
`2.07
`
`4.00
`
`11.00
`
`5.00
`
`3.10
`
`2.00
`
`11.50
`
`2.00
`
`9.00
`
`6.00
`
`7.00
`
`2.20
`
`1.80
`
`4.50
`
`0.38
`
`1.20
`
`4.90
`
`0.19
`
`3.50
`
`13.00
`
`9.00
`
`8.20
`
`2.00
`
`2.00
`
`3.50
`
`8.00
`
`5.50
`
`11.00
`
`1.20
`
`2.23
`
`5.00
`
`15.00
`
`7.00
`
`3.80
`
`2.30
`
`24.00
`
`3.00
`
`11.50
`
`10.00
`
`8.00
`
`2.50
`
`2.30
`
`5.10
`
`0.43
`
`1.50
`
`6.30
`
`0.30
`
`3.90
`
`22.30
`
`11.40
`
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`
`9/14
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`4/28/24, 1:24 PM
`PEI - Polyetherimide
`
`Young's Modulus: Modulus of Elasticity Units & Formula
`3.00
`
`PEI, 30% Glass Fiber-reinforced
`
`PEI, Mineral Filled
`PEKK (Polyetherketoneketone), Low Crystallinity
`Grade
`PESU - Polyethersulfone
`
`PESU 10-30% glass fiber
`
`PET - Polyethylene Terephthalate
`
`PET, 30% Glass Fiber-reinforced
`PET, 30/35% Glass Fiber-reinforced, Impact
`Modified
`PETG - Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol
`
`PFA - Perfluoroalkoxy
`
`PGA - Polyglycolides
`
`PHB - Polyhydroxybutyrate
`
`PI - Polyimide
`
`PLA - Polylacde
`
`PLA, High Heat Films
`
`PLA, Injecon molding
`
`PMMA - Polymethylmethacrylate/Acrylic
`
`PMMA (Acrylic) High Heat
`
`PMMA (Acrylic) Impact Modified
`
`PMP - Polymethylpentene
`
`PMP 30% Glass Fiber-reinforced
`
`PMP Mineral Filled
`
`POM - Polyoxymethylene (Acetal)
`
`POM (Acetal) Impact Modified
`
`POM (Acetal) Low Fricon
`
`POM (Acetal) Mineral Filled
`
`PP - Polypropylene 10-20% Glass Fiber
`
`PP, 10-40% Mineral Filled
`PP, 10-40% Talc Filled
`
`https://omnexus.specialchem.com/polymer-property/young-modulus
`
`9.00
`
`5.00
`
`3.40
`
`2.30
`
`3.50
`
`2.80
`
`9.00
`
`7.00
`
`1.90
`
`0.70
`
`6.50
`
`3.10
`
`1.30
`
`3.40
`
`3.30
`
`3.50
`
`2.50
`
`2.50
`
`1.50
`
`0.50
`
`5.00
`
`1.70
`
`2.80
`
`1.40
`
`1.80
`
`4.00
`
`2.80
`
`1.00
`1.50
`
`3.00
`
`9.00
`
`7.00
`
`3.50
`
`2.80
`
`8.50
`
`3.50
`
`12.00
`
`9.00
`
`2.00
`
`0.80
`
`6.90
`
`3.30
`
`4.00
`
`3.60
`
`3.50
`
`3.60
`
`3.50
`
`4.30
`
`3.50
`
`1.60
`
`6.00
`
`2.00
`
`3.70
`
`2.30
`
`3.00
`
`5.50
`
`4.00
`
`3.50
`3.50
`
`Back to Top
`
`10/14
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`

`4/28/24, 1:24 PM
`
`Young's Modulus: Modulus of Elasticity Units & Formula
`
`PP, 30-40% Glass Fiber-reinforced
`
`PP (Polypropylene) Copolymer
`
`PP (Polypropylene) Homopolymer
`PP Homopolymer, Long Glass Fiber, 30% Filler by
`Weight
`PP Homopolymer, Long Glass Fiber, 40% Filler by
`Weight
`PP Homopolymer, Long Glass Fiber, 50% Filler by
`Weight
`PP, Impact Modified
`
`PPA - Polyphthalamide
`
`PPA, 33% Glass Fiber-reinforced – High Flow
`
`PPA, 45% Glass Fiber-reinforced
`
`PPE - Polyphenylene Ether
`
`PPE, 30% Glass Fiber-reinforced
`
`PPE, Flame Retardant
`
`PPE, Impact Modified
`
`PPE, Mineral Filled
`
`PPS - Polyphenylene Sulfide
`
`PPS, 20-30% Glass Fiber-reinforced
`
`PPS, 40% Glass Fiber-reinforced
`
`PPS, Conducve
`
`PPS, Glass fiber & Mineral-filled
`
`PPSU - Polyphenylene Sulfone
`
`PS (Polystyrene) 30% glass fiber
`
`PS (Polystyrene) Crystal
`
`PS, High Heat
`
`PSU - Polysulfone
`
`PSU, 30% Glass fiber-reinforced
`
`PSU Mineral Filled
`
`PTFE - Polytetrafluoroethylene
`
`PTFE, 25% Glass Fiber-reinforced
`
`https://omnexus.specialchem.com/polymer-property/young-modulus
`
`4.00
`
`1.00
`
`1.10
`
`7.00
`
`9.00
`
`12.00
`
`0.40
`
`3.70
`
`13.00
`
`17.10
`
`2.10
`
`7.00
`
`2.40
`
`2.10
`
`2.90
`
`3.30
`
`6.00
`
`8.00
`
`13.00
`
`10.00
`
`2.34
`
`10.00
`
`2.50
`
`3.00
`
`2.50
`
`7.60
`
`3.80
`
`0.40
`
`1.40
`
`10.00
`
`1.20
`
`1.60
`
`7.00
`
`9.00
`
`13.50
`
`1.00
`
`3.70
`
`13.20
`
`17.30
`
`2.80
`
`9.00
`
`2.50
`
`2.80
`
`3.50
`
`4.00
`
`11.00
`
`14.00
`
`19.00
`
`17.00
`
`2.34
`
`10.00
`
`3.50
`
`3.50
`
`2.70
`
`10.00
`
`4.50
`
`0.80
`
`1.70
`
`Back to Top
`
`11/14
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`

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`4/28/24, 1:24 PM
`Young's Modulus: Modulus of Elasticity Units & Formula
`PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride), 20% Glass Fiber-
`reinforced
`PVC, Plascized
`
`0.001
`
`4.50
`
`PVC, Plascized Filled
`
`PVC Rigid
`
`PVDC - Polyvinylidene Chloride
`
`PVDF - Polyvinylidene Fluoride
`
`SAN - Styrene Acrylonitrile
`
`SAN, 20% Glass Fiber-reinforced
`
`SMA - Styrene Maleic Anhydride
`
`SMA, 20% Glass Fiber-reinforced
`
`SMA, Flame Retardant V0
`
`SMMA - Styrene Methyl Methacrylate
`
`SRP - Self-reinforced Polyphenylene
`TPI-PEEK Blend, Ultra-high heat, Chemical
`Resistant, High Flow, 240C UL RTI
`TPS, Injecon General Purpose
`
`TPS, Injecon Water Resistant
`UHMWPE - Ultra High Molecular Weight
`Polyethylene
`XLPE - Crosslinked Polyethylene
`
`0.001
`
`2.40
`
`0.35
`
`1.50
`
`2.80
`
`8.00
`
`2.40
`
`5.00
`
`1.80
`
`2.10
`
`5.90
`
`4.20
`
`0.80
`
`0.63
`
`0.30
`
`0.35
`
`7.00
`
`1.800
`
`1.00
`
`4.00
`
`0.50
`
`2.00
`
`4.00
`
`11.00
`
`3.00
`
`6.00
`
`2.00
`
`3.40
`
`8.30
`
`4.20
`
`3.00
`
`0.72
`
`0.60
`
`3.50
`
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`knowledge, they are provided without implied warranty of any kind. Data and informaon contained in the Polymer
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`contained in the Polymer Selector are genericised based on commercial literature provided by polymer suppliers and
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