To:
`Subject:
`Sent:
`Sent As:
`
`PETER J. VRANUM(pvranum@gordonherlands.com)
`U.S. Trademark Application Serial No. 98199106 - GHOSTWRITTEN INC.
`May 07, 2025 11:04:44 PM EDT
`tmng.notices@uspto.gov
`
`Attachments
`
`screencapture-dictionary-cambridge-org-us-dictionary-english-ghostwrite-17333537272211
`screencapture-www-dictionary-com-browse-ghostwrite-17333537899151
`screencapture-www-oxfordlearnersdictionaries-com-us-definition-english-ghostwrite-
`17333539140051
`screencapture-www-britannica-com-dictionary-ghostwrite-17333540998881
`screencapture-gothamghostwriters-com-what-is-ghostwriting-and-what-does-it-mean-today-
`17333542410711
`screencapture-www-merriam-webster-com-dictionary-inc-17333589573551
`screencapture-www-oxfordlearnersdictionaries-com-us-definition-english-incorporated-
`17333589992411
`screencapture-www-ahdictionary-com-word-search-html-17333590226401
`screencapture-www-collinsdictionary-com-dictionary-english-inc-17333590970021
`screencapture-dictionary-cambridge-org-dictionary-english-inc-17333591820871
`screencapture-www-linkedin-com-pulse-what-does-ghostwritten-mean-ginny-carter-
`17333623499981
`screencapture-laurasherman-com-guest-blogs-ghostwritten-books-17333623882971
`screencapture-www-ka-writing-com-five-notable-ghostwritten-books-17333624437301
`screencapture-blog-reedsy-com-ghostwritten-books-17333624914051
`screencapture-professionalghost-com-how-common-are-ghostwriters-17333625292741
`screencapture-www-writeraccess-com-blog-the-ghost-written-article-content-that-drives-
`thought-leadership-17333625603801
`screencapture-rubyperu-com-memoir-ghostwriter-now-offers-blogging-package-
`17333626308091
`screencapture-anthonygarone-com-twt-17333626719591
`screencapture-books-forbes-com-publishing-programs-ghostwriting-17333627896081
`screencapture-www-storey-lines-com-ghostwritten-books-17333629592981
`screencapture-www-wrightbookassociates-co-uk-blog-books-written-by-ghostwriters-
`17333630470921
`screencapture-vocal-media-beat-5-hit-rap-songs-and-their-ghostwriters-17333631300881
`screencapture-www-businessinsider-com-surprising-artists-who-have-written-songs-for-
`other-people-2016-10-17333631674901
`screencapture-www-vice-com-en-article-ghostwriting-and-the-music-industrys-authenticity-
`crisis-17339690389581
`screencapture-www-vice-com-en-article-you-need-to-hear-this-is-ghostwriting-the-biggest-
`farce-in-hip-hop-17339691068731
`
`United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO)
`Office Action (Official Letter) About Applicant’s Trademark Application
`
`U.S. Application Serial No.  98199106
`
`

`

`Mark:   GHOSTWRITTEN INC.
`
`Correspondence Address:  
`Peter J. Vranum
`GORDON HERLANDS & RANDOLPH LLP
`355 LEXINGTON AVENUE, 10TH FLOOR
`NEW YORK NY 10017
`United States
`
`Applicant:   Ghostwritten LLC
`
`Reference/Docket No.  N/A
`
`Correspondence Email Address:   pvranum@gordonherlands.com
`
`
`
`
`
`
`REQUEST FOR RECONSIDERATION AFTER FINAL ACTION DENIED
`
`Issue date:   May 7, 2025
`
`Applicant’s request for reconsideration is denied.   See 37 C.F.R. §2.63(b)(3).  The trademark
`examining attorney has carefully reviewed applicant’s request and determined the request did not:  (1)
`raise a new issue, (2) resolve all the outstanding issue(s), (3) provide any new or compelling evidence
`with regard to the outstanding issue(s), or (4) present analysis and arguments that were persuasive or
`shed new light on the outstanding issue(s).  TMEP §§715.03(a)(ii)(B), 715.04(a).  
`
`Accordingly, the following requirement(s) and/or refusal(s) made final in the Office action dated May
`8, 2024 are maintained and continued: 
`
`
`•
`•
`
`Section 2(e)(1) – Merely Descriptive Refusal -  Limited to Goods Listed Below
`Identification of Goods – Amendment Required
`
`
`See TMEP §§715.03(a)(ii)(B), 715.04(a).  
`
`
`In addition, the following requirement(s) and/or refusal(s) made final in that Office action are satisfied:  
`
`
`Additional Information about the Goods Required
`
`See  TMEP §§715.03(a)(ii)(B), 715.04(a).
`
`The arguments and evidence from the prior Office Actions are incorporated by reference.
`
`The stated refusal refers to the following goods only: “Downloadable e-books in the field of lifestyle,
`entertainment, social issues, music, movies, celebrity news, and general interest about art and
`philosophy; Electronic books in the fields of lifestyle, entertainment, social issues, music, movies,
`celebrity news, and general interest about art and philosophy recorded on computer media;
`Downloadable series of non-fiction and fiction books on the subjects of lifestyle, entertainment, social
`
`

`

`issues, music, movies, celebrity news, and general interest about art and philosophy; Audio and video
`recordings featuring music, concerts, interviews and entertainment news; downloadable audio and
`video recordings featuring music, concerts, interviews and entertainment news; prerecorded music,
`namely, digital downloads; sound recordings featuring music; sound and video recordings featuring
`music and musical performances; downloadable image files containing trading cards and artwork
`authenticated by non-fungible tokens (NFTs); Digital collectibles in the nature of downloadable
`multimedia files containing artwork, text, images, video, and audio relating to music, memes and art”. 
`
`In the Request for Reconsideration filed on 11/08/2024, applicant reiterates the argument that
`applicant’s mark is not descriptive in relation to the listed goods.  Applicant also argues “[i]ts
`undeniable that there is nothing in the description of Applicant’s mark or the services that suggests any
`of the goods will be ghostwritten”. These arguments are  not persuasive. 
`
`As explained in the 12/29/2023 and 5/8/2024 Office Actions, the word GHOSTWRITTEN is the past
`participle of ghostwrite, meaning: “to write for and in the name of another”; “to write (a speech, a
`book, etc.) for another who is the presumed or credited author”; “to write an article, book, etc., for
`another person, under whose name it is them published”; “to pen a book, speech, play, or any other
`work that will be published under someone else’s name”.  See  previously attached definitions, and
`additional definitions attached hereto, from  Merriam-Webster Dictionary, American Heritage
`Dictionary, OED, Collins Dictionary, Vocabulary.com, Cambridge Dictionary, Oxford Learners
`Dictionary,  and  The Brittanica Dictionary.  Because applicant's goods feature creative works that are
`commonly ghostwritten, for example, "Downloadable e-books", "Downloadable electronic books",
`"Downloadable series of non-fiction and fiction books", and "sound recordings featuring music", the
`word GHOSTWRITTEN is descriptive of a feature or characteristic of applicant's goods. 
`
`As explained in the Final Office Action issued on  5/8/2024, a mark does not need to be merely
`descriptive of all the goods or services specified in an application.  In re Chamber of Commerce of the
`U.S., 675 F.3d 1297, 1300, 102 USPQ2d 1217, 1219 (Fed. Cir. 2012);  In re Zuma Array Ltd., 2022
`USPQ2d 736, at *5-6 (TTAB 2022).  “A descriptiveness refusal is proper ‘if the mark is descriptive of
`any of the [goods or] services for which registration is sought.’”    In re Chamber of Commerce of the
`U.S., 675 F.3d at 1300, 102 USPQ2d at 1219 (quoting  In re Stereotaxis Inc., 429 F.3d 1039, 1040, 77
`USPQ2d 1087, 1089 (Fed. Cir. 2005)).
`
`As also explained in the Final  Office Action issued on  5/8/2024,  “[a] mark may be merely descriptive
`even if it does not describe the ‘full scope and extent’ of the applicant’s goods or services.”  In re
`Oppedahl & Larson LLP, 373 F.3d 1171, 1173, 71 USPQ2d 1370, 1371 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (citing  In re
`Dial-A-Mattress Operating Corp., 240 F.3d 1341, 1346, 57 USPQ2d 1807, 1812 (Fed. Cir. 2001));
`TMEP §1209.01(b). It is enough if a mark describes only one significant function, attribute, or
`property.  In re The Chamber of Commerce of the U.S., 675 F.3d 1297, 1300, 102 USPQ2d 1217, 1219
`(Fed. Cir. 2012); TMEP §1209.01(b);  see  In re Oppedahl & Larson LLP, 373 F.3d at 1173, 71
`USPQ2d at 1371.
`
`The previously attached evidence, and additional evidence attached hereto establishes that the word
`GHOSTWRITTEN is used in applicant's industry to describe a feature or characteristic of applicant's
`goods.  See previously attached evidence, and additional evidence attached hereto, from   Forbes, Star
`Book
`Writing,
`Rhyme
`or
`Reason,  The
`Reviews
`Are
`In,  BBC,  iMusician,  Rockcontent,  Compose.ly,  Raven Tools,  Entrepreneur, Good Reads,  Prestige,  The
`Guardian,  ET Online,  Content Powered, Blog.hubspot.com, Crowd Content, Ghost Blog Writers, Clear
`Voice,  Fiverr, Gotham Ghostwriters, LinkedIn, Laura Sherman, KA Writing, Reedsy Blog, Professional
`
`

`

`Ghost, Writer Access, Ruby Peru, Anthony Garone, Robin Storey, Wright Book Associates,
`Vocal.media, Business Insider,  and  Vice.
`
`Also, as previously explained,  the wording "INC." is an entity designation and does not function to
`indicate source.  Business type designations and abbreviations such as “Corporation,” “Inc.,”
`“Company,” “LLC,” and “Ltd.” or family business designations such as “& Son’s” or “Bros.” merely
`indicate applicant’s business type or structure and generally have no source-indicating capacity. TMEP
`§1213.03(d);  see, e.g.,  Goodyear’s India Rubber Glove Mfg. Co. v. Goodyear Rubber Co., 128 U.S.
`598, 602-03 (1888);  In re Piano Factory Grp., Inc., 85 USPQ2d 1522, 1526 (TTAB 2006);  In re Patent
`& Trademark Servs., Inc., 49 USPQ2d 1537, 1539-40 (TTAB 1998).  See  definitions from  Merriam-
`Webster,
`Oxford
`Learners
`Dictionary,
`American
`Heritage
`Dictionary,
`Collins
`Dictionary  and  Cambridge Dictionary.  The fact that applicant's entity is actually an LLC does not
`obviate the issue. Consumers seeing INC. will assume applicant's entity is a corporation, and will not
`attribute source-identifying capacity to the word INC. 
`
`Generally, if the individual components of a mark retain their descriptive meaning in relation to the
`goods and/or services, the combination results in a composite mark that is itself descriptive and not
`registrable.    In re Zuma Array Ltd., 2022 USPQ2d 736, at *7 (TTAB 2022);  In re Fat Boys Water
`Sports LLC, 118 USPQ2d 1511, 1516 (TTAB 2016);  TMEP §1209.03(d);  see, e.g.,  DuoProSS
`Meditech Corp. v. Inviro Med. Devices, Ltd., 695 F.3d 1247, 1255 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (holding SNAP
`SIMPLY SAFER merely descriptive for various medical devices, such as hypodermic, aspiration, and
`injection needles and syringes);  In re Fallon, 2020 USPQ2d 11249, at *12 (TTAB 2020) (holding
`THERMAL MATRIX merely descriptive of a heat-responsive, malleable liner that is an integral
`component of an oral dental appliance).  
`
`Only where the combination of descriptive terms creates a unitary mark with a unique, incongruous, or
`otherwise nondescriptive meaning in relation to the goods and/or services is the combined mark
`registrable.    See In re Oppedahl & Larson LLP, 373 F.3d 1171, 1174-75 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (citing  In re
`Nat’l Data Corp., 753 F.2d 1056, 1058 (Fed. Cir. 1985));  In re Colonial Stores, Inc., 394 F.2d 549,
`551-52 (C.C.P.A. 1968);  In re NextGen Mgmt., LLC, Ser. No. 88098031, 2023 TTAB LEXIS 1, at *8-9
`(2023) (quoting  In re Omniome, Inc., Ser. No. 87661190,  2019 TTAB LEXIS 414, at *12 (2019);  In re
`Positec Grp. Ltd., 108 USPQ2d 1161, 1162-63 (TTAB 2013).  In re Cannon Safe, Inc., 116 USPQ2d
`1348, 1351 (TTAB 2015) (holding SMART SERIES merely descriptive of metal safes for firearms);  In
`re Franklin Cnty. Hist. Soc’y, 104 USPQ2d 1085, 1086 (TTAB 2012) (holding CENTER OF
`SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY merely descriptive of operating a museum and conducting workshops,
`programs, and demonstrations in the field of science);  In re Phoseon Tech., Inc., 103 USPQ2d 1822,
`1823 (TTAB 2012) (holding SEMICONDUCTOR LIGHT MATRIX merely descriptive of light and
`UV curing systems composed primarily of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for industrial and commercial
`applications);  In re King Koil Licensing Co., 79 USPQ2d 1048, 1052 (TTAB 2006) (holding THE
`BREATHABLE MATTRESS merely descriptive of beds, mattresses, box springs, and pillows);  In re
`Putman Publ’g Co., 39 USPQ2d 2021, 2021-22 (TTAB 1996) (holding FOOD & BEVERAGE ON-
`LINE merely descriptive of news and information service for the food processing industry);  In re
`Copytele, Inc., 31 USPQ2d 1540, 1541-42 (TTAB 1994) (holding SCREEN FAX PHONE merely
`descriptive of facsimile terminals employing electrophoretic displays).
`
`In this case, both the individual components and the composite result are descriptive of applicant’s
`goods and/or services and do not create a unique, incongruous, or nondescriptive meaning in relation to
`the goods and/or services. Specifically, the combination of GHOSTWRITTEN and INC. do not create a
`unique, incongruous, or nondescriptive meaning in relation to the services. Rather, consumers will
`
`

`

`understand  GHOSTWRITTEN  as describing a characteristic of applicant's goods in that they  feature
`the characteristic of being  written  for another who is the presumed or credited author, and consumers
`will assume INC. describes applicant's entity. Thus, the composite result is merely descriptive. 
`
`Applicant argues the goods subject to the refusal “are not the type of goods that are usually described as
`'ghostwritten'”. This
`argument
`is
`not
`persuasive. As
`discussed
`above,
`applicant
`provides  "Downloadable e-books", "Downloadable electronic books", "Downloadable series of non-
`fiction and fiction books", and "sound recordings featuring music" among other creative products. The
`evidence of record clearly establishes books and music are commonly ghostwritten. Thus, the term
`GHOSTWRITTEN does describe applicant's goods.
`
`Applicant also argues “there is no American language dictionary definition of GHOSTWRITTEN
`INC.” as a composite phrase. This argument is not persuasive. As discussed above, both
`GHOSTWRITTEN and INC. are in the dictionary.  Further, the fact that an applicant may be the first or
`only user of a merely descriptive designation does not necessarily render a word or term incongruous or
`distinctive where, as in this case, the evidence shows that the applied-for mark is merely
`descriptive.    See  In re Zuma Array Ltd., 2022 USPQ2d 736, at *16-17 (TTAB 2022) (quoting  In re
`Fallon, 2020 USPQ2d 11249, at *11 (TTAB 2020));  In re Fat Boys Water Sports LLC, 118 USPQ2d
`1511, 1514 (TTAB 2016); TMEP §1209.03(c).
`
`Applicant additionally argues that “[t]he Trademark Office has already determined that similar marks
`are not descriptive and has permitted them to be registered”. This argument is not persuasive.  The fact
`that third-party registrations exist for marks allegedly similar to applicant’s mark is not conclusive on
`the issue of descriptiveness or genericness.  In re Consumer Prot. Firm PLLC, 2021 USPQ2d 238, at
`*22 (TTAB 2021) (citing  In re Nett Designs, Inc., 236 F.3d 1339, 1342, 57 USPQ2d 1564, 1566 (Fed.
`Cir. 2001)); TMEP §1209.03(a). An applied-for mark that is merely descriptive or generic does not
`become registrable simply because other seemingly similar marks appear on the register.  In re
`Consumer Prot. Firm PLLC, 2021 USPQ2d 238, at *22 (citing  In re Scholastic Testing Serv., Inc., 196
`USPQ 517, 519 (TTAB 1977)); TMEP §1209.03(a).
`
`It is well settled that each application must be decided on its own facts; the USPTO is not bound by
`prior decisions involving different records.  See In re Boulevard Ent., Inc., 334 F.3d 1336, 1343, 67
`USPQ2d 1475, 1480 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (citing  In re Nett Designs, Inc., 236 F.3d at 1342, 57 USPQ2d at
`1566);  In re Datapipe, Inc., 111 USPQ2d 1330, 1336 (TTAB 2014); TMEP §1209.03(a). The question
`of whether a mark is merely descriptive or generic is determined based on the evidence of record at the
`time each registration is sought.  In re Consumer Prot. Firm PLLC, 2021 USPQ2d 238, at *22 (citing  In
`re theDot Commc’ns Network LLC, 101 USPQ2d 1062, 1064, 1067 (TTAB 2011)); TMEP
`§1209.03(a).
`
`Applicant further argues that any doubt regarding the mark’s descriptiveness should be resolved on
`applicant’s behalf.    E.g.,  In re Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., 828 F.2d 1567, 1571, 4
`USPQ2d 1141, 1144 (Fed. Cir. 1987);  In re Zuma Array Ltd., 2022 USPQ2d 736, at *8 (TTAB 2022)
`(quoting  In re Fallon, 2020 USPQ2d 11249, at *8 (TTAB 2020)).  However, in the present case, the
`evidence of record leaves no doubt that the mark is merely descriptive.
`
`For the foregoing reasons, the refusal based on Section 2(e)(1) of the Trademark Act, made Final in the
`Office Action dated 5/8/2024, is maintained and continued.
`
`In the Request for Reconsideration filed on 11/08/2024, applicant  provided amended language to the
`
`

`

`identification of services. However, applicant did not amend the indefinite wording "general interest" as
`previously required.  Thus, the requirement  made Final in the Office Action dated 5/8/2024, is
`maintained and continued.
`
`
`Conclusion
`
`
`If applicant has already filed an appeal with the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board, the Board will
`be notified to resume the appeal.   See TMEP §715.04(a).  
`
`If applicant has not filed an appeal and time remains in the response period for the final Office
`action, applicant has the remainder of that time to (1) file another request for reconsideration that
`complies with and/or overcomes any outstanding final requirement(s) and/or refusal(s), and/or (2) file a
`notice of appeal to the Board.  TMEP §715.03(a)(ii)(B). 
`
`
`/Lillianna Baczeski/
`Lillianna Baczeski
`Examining Attorney
`LO131--LAW OFFICE 131
`(571) 272-1905
`Lillianna.Baczeski@uspto.gov
`
`
`
`

`

`CU CUSMC UCMReea ecLlod
`
`@ XX
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`&SLogin/Signup
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`@ Engiisn(us) »
`
`jostwrite
`
`English
`
`Grammar
`
`English-Spanish
`
`
`
`Mesning of ghostwrite in English
`
`Hertz
`
`Test your vocabulary with our
`fun image quizzes
`
`Spanish-English
`verb [T] us) /‘goustratt/ uk 4)
`
`— SMARTVocabulary:related words and phrases
`
`Writing&typing
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`bangsomethingout phrasal verb
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`borrow
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`
`
`
`
`(Definition of ghostwrite from the CambridgeAdvancedLearner'sDictionary& Thesaurus © Cambridge University Press)
`
`ghostwrite
`
`(also ghost)
`
`/ gaust.rart/
`
`to write a bookorarticle, etc. for another person to publish under his or her own
`name:
`
`* His autobiography was ghostwritten
`
`ghostwriter [>
`
`

`

`“ghostwrte[INTERMEDIATEENGUSH
`
`
`Restocking
`business
`ghostwrite
`verb (T}
`essentials
`us) /‘goust,rort/
`made easy
`present participle ghostwriting | past tense ghostwrote US / goust rout/
`/goust mt-?n/
`(also ghost, US /goust/)
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`to write a book,article, or speech for another person to use as his or her own
`
`| past participle ghostwritten US
`
`If you do something by the seatof
`yourpants, you doit using only your
`own experience andtrusting your
`own judgment
`
`ghostwriter
`noun(Clus) /'goustrart-er/
`
` nO)
`= Contents
` ewaur acs
`TRANSLATIONS
`
`
`essentials
`
`
`made easy
`
`ghostwrite
`Should industry be stripped of the right to ghostwritetrials and be forcedto allow accessto thetrial
`data they don't own?
`From HuffingtonPost
`
`
`
`Shop now *
`amazon business
`
`Restocking
`business
`essentials
`made easy
`
`In many cases, however, the researchers actually analyze material that was ghostwritten to convey
`certain impressions that may or may not correspond accurately to the leader's beliefs
`From the CambridgeEnglish Corpus
` onsin the examples do not representtheopinionof the
`Theseexamples are from corpora andfromsourcesontheweb. Any opi
`
`sors,
`Cambridge Dictionary editors or of CambridgeUniversity Pressorits licen:
`
`2
`
`ways) of being present
`December 04, 2024
`
`BLOG
`In reallife or the virtual world:
`
`°
`
`Whatis the pronunciation of ghostwrite?
`
`eenitear
`
`> PaRue esememisaielre
`
`ba
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`>
`
`Py
`
` NEW WORDS
`December 02, 2024
`
`Translations of ghostwrite
`invenReee CHBaRSRaD
`HACHEM. TIA...
`
`Need a translator?
`Geta quick, free translation!
`
`agesplaining
`
`

`

`essentials
`made easy
`
`in Portuguese
`escrever como ghostwriter...
`
`DORmele)
`
`waren Maw
`
`Shop now *
`amazon business
`
`
`in Chinese (Simplified)
`
`FACE, $5.AOE, BF. SHETIA...
`
`
` eeCeMLC EXAMPLES|TRANSLATIONS
`Totop @
`
`
`ibir como negrolitera
`
`
` ghosted
`ghosting
`ghostliness
`ghostly
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`ghoul
`ghoulish
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`Wordof the Year 2024
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`ID Dictionary.com Thesaurus.com
`
`
`(suxtyping anyword or phrase Featured Popculture Writing tips Q) Games
`
`
`
`Advertisement
`
`From music to gaming.It’s on prime—)
`
`‘Game
`
`)D Dictionary.com
`
`View synonyms for ghostwrite A
`
`Aaverisament
`
`“a
`ghostwrite
`verb (used with or without object)(1)
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` @Phonetic(Standard) IPA
`[gohst-rahyt]
`5
`5
`verb (used with or without
`_, ghost-wrote, ghost-writ-ten,
`object)
`to write as a ghostwriter.
`
`ghost-writ-ing. 1
`
`Word ofthe Day
`Quiz
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`| |
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`

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`x. TeMS ‘Augury: Word
`
`of the.
`
`Word History and Origins
`Example Sentences
`Related Words
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`Word of the Day
`Quiz
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`Discover More
`
`WordHistory and Origins
`
`Origin of ghostwrite?
`First recordedin 1925-30; back formation from ghostwriter
`
`Discover More
`
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`Sieur kreicrs
`
`Example Sentences
`Barnett’s consulting and ghostwriting services “dried up with so muchof the rest of
`the economy,”with the pair relying on charity and programslike Meals on Wheels, as
`well as plenty of oatmeal.
`From Salon
`
`The hardest thing for Jamison, as one might imagine, was combating the grief she
`felt after the loss of her friend while “ghostwriting, in every sense.”
`From Los Angeles Times
`
`Prosecutors said Menendezcurried favor with Egyptian officials through acts
`including ghostwriting a letter to fellow senators encouraging them tolift a hold on
`
`
`
`ublic displays
`affection
`banned.
`
`eeaL
`Seeart
`Prot]
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`Get CoxInternet
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`$300 million in military aid.
`
`Andyet, while he wasoften imitated, his unique style remained easily recognizable,
`even on piecesthat he ghostwrote for otherarrangers.
`From New York Times
`
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`The 26-year veteran of the publishing house wasthere to speak about Trump's
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`ghestwritten books, including advise therein that could be relevant to his defense.
`From Salon
`
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`ghostwrite
`
`Nearby words
`ghost town noun
`ghost train noun
`ghostwrite verb
`ghostwriter noun
`ghoul noun
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`aes= S
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`“AL of the DAY
`marr:
`
`ghostwritever
`
`@)/‘gaustratt/
`@)
`/‘goustrart/
`» ghost,
`transitive,
`often passive,
`owen
`presentsimple| / you / we / they ghostwrite
`
`intransitive
`
`

`

`) /‘gaustritn/ -ing form ghostwriting
`
`SHOP NOW
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`Tred sm Tel
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`@) /'gaustrart/
`he/she /it ghostwrites
`@) /‘gaustrarts/
`
`i) /'gaustrarts /
`past simple ghostwrote
`@) /gaustraut/
`@) /'gaustraut/
`pastparticiple ghostwritten
`A
`}
`
`) /‘gaustritn/
`he/she / it ghostwrites
`i) /‘gaustrarts /
`
`@) /‘gaustrarts/
`past simple ghostwrote
`@) /'gaustraut/
`@) /'gaustraut/
`pastparticiple ghostwritten
`@) /‘gaustritn/
`
`@) /‘gaustrartin/
`@) /'gaustrartin/
`
`4 December 2024
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`family
`noun
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`@)
`SD)
`From the wordlist
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`m
`4 December 2024
`
`family
`noun
`
`@)
`@)
`From the wordlist
`OXFORD 3000
`
`Orford Lecmer's Dictionaries Word ofthe Cay
`
`Ye to write a book, an article,etc. for another person whopublishesit as their own work
`+ be ghostwritten Her memoirs were ghostwritten.
`TOPICS Literature andwriting (ey
`
`Questions about grammarand vocabulary?
`Find the answerswith PracticalEnglish Usage online, your indispensable guide to
`problemsin English.
`
`a
`
`(7 See ghostwrite in the Oxford Advanced American Dictionary
`Check pronunciation: ghostwrite
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`ghostwrite
`1 ENTRIES
`FOUND
`ghostwrite (verb)
`
`/‘goost rat/ 4) vers
`ghostwrite
`/out/; ghostwritten
`ghostwrites; ghostwrote /-
`/out/ 4); / goust
`/-nitn/ 49; / goust ritn/; ghostwriting
` nica Dictionary definiti
`in of GHOSTWRITE
`Bri
`Higgocs)
`person's name
`: to write (something, such as a book) for someoneelse using that
`* She washired to ghostwrite the mayor's autobiography.
`» ghostwritten books/articles
`— ghostwriter noun, plural ghostwriters [count]
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`BY GOTHAM GHOSTWRITERS
`
`WhatIs Ghostwriting—And What
`DoesIt Mean Today?
`
`

`

`To kick off the Ghostwriting Confidential 2021 series, our groups thoughtit
`madesenseto start with the first question wetypically get from new contacts
`Whatdoes “ghostwriting” mean? And thento explore howit can lead to your
`success.
`
`Withthis post, we will define ghostwriting by covering the history and evolution
`ofcollaborative creation, the brief foray away from that approachto sole
`creative endeavors, and the current swing backto collaboration that’s proving
`to be a boonfor writers and readersalike. Finally, we'll introduce you to the
`wide array of benefits authors gain by working with a professionalwriting
`partner.
`
`WhatIs a Ghostwriter?
`
`There’s a narrow understanding of what ghostwriting is among laypeople, and
`then there's the broaderreality of whatit actuallyis.
`
`The commendefinition of ghostwriting is the
`act of one person writing in the name of
`another person, group, company, or
`institution without receiving a byline or
`public credit. But more often than not,
`ghostwriting is a customized form of
`collaboration, covering a range of
`relationships and services tied to the
`authors’ needs, objectives, and work style.
`
`

`

`Andtoday, it is becoming more and more commonfor these editorial partners
`to receive public recognition—and even cover-credit for their work in the form
`of “and John Smith” or “with Jane Brown.”
`
`Although the commondefinitionis still prevalent,it is changing as people
`become more exposedto the wide spectrumof roles that ghostwriters play. For
`example, the author and the ghost might share writing responsibilities, or the
`ghost might work on certain components,such aswriting the stories and case
`studies or shaping the narrative of a novel or memoir, with the author supplying
`the original concepts and research. Ghosts also can coach authors to develop
`aconceptand organizationalstructure,identify their target audience, capture
`their authentic voice, managethe project, conductinterviews with outside
`sources,andfind pertinent research studies. And ghostwriters can serve as
`developmental editors, helping authors to shapetheir work at the earliest
`stages of production, and asline editors and book doctors, polishing, revising,
`and revamping manuscripts that need improvementbefore being published.
`
`The division of labor varies from one collaboration to another, based on
`whatever makes the most senseforthe successof the project. That's why we
`think of ghostwriter as an umbrella term for creative collaborations on many
`types ofprojects, including books, speeches, white papers,articles, websites,
`blogs, podcasts—essentially any type of written content ourclients want to co-
`create with us.
`
`Ghostwriting Is One of the Oldest Professions
`While the general public’s awareness of ghostwriting is a relatively recent
`development, ghostwriting and collaborative storytelling have been around
`for as long as the written werd. Perhaps the most widely known exampleis the
`Bible. Both testaments were written by committee, hundredsof years after the
`events occurred—in the ancient world, the concept of owningintellectual
`property didn’t exist. For thousandsof years, stories were told collectively,
`especially in oral storytelling. Thus, the oldest known “texts” aren't attributed to
`avcinale authar hut rather are the aecimulatad raflactinns and contributions af
`
`

`

`Mee ee geey me ne Seeeee een ne Seamerie ee
`entire cultures.
`
`It wasn’t until the Age of Enlightenmentthatindividuals began being credited
`as the sole creators of stories and otherartistic endeavors, particularly books
`andlaterfilms. Auteurs (French for “authors”) were held in high esteem for
`single-handedly producing stories and attaching their namesto them.In
`relatively short order, this notion of a book needing to have a sole source took
`root, notonlyin literary circles but in the imagination of readers.
`
`Therise of the auteurin the 18th and 19th centuries didn't kill off the practice of
`collaborative storytelling or the use of ghosts—it just drove our predecessors
`deeper undercover.Indeed,it’s widely believed that this period is when the
`commonstigma around ghostwriting was born. Oneof the mosttelling
`examplesofthis is the work andlife of Samuel Johnson, the famed English
`writer and public intellectual. Johnson started his career as what was then
`knownas a “hack” writer—a poorly paid writerfor hire. At the heightof his
`fame, he reportedly used a ghostof his own for someofhis essays, which he
`slyly acknowledged by signing them with the anonymousletter T. Johnson
`later disavowedthis practice out of a sense of honor/shame.And after
`Johnson's death,his acolyte and biographer James Boswell—who many
`wrongly confuse as Johnson's ghostwriter—took that disdain a step further by
`comparing ghostwriting to selling one’s ownbirthright.
`
`The Evolution of Ghostwriting:
`From Stigma to Standard Practice and on to Status
`Ever since Johnson's days, many an esteemed writer who has dabbledin
`ghostwriting has grappled with this sellout stigma. Notably among them were
`the coterie of great American novelists such as William Faulkner, F. Scott
`Fitzgerald, James Agee, and Aldous Huxley who each wentout to Hollywood
`after the talkies becamea thing to make a buckas a screenwriter/rewriter.
`This self-inflicted sense of hackery recently earned a co-starring role in the
`202] Oscar-nominated movie “Mank” aboutthe legendary screenwriter
`
`

`

`Herman Mankiewicz, who aspired to be a manofletters and a New York
`dramatist but hadto settle for being the Academy Award-winning authorof
`“Citizen Kane”
`
`The darker taboo around