Case 6:21-cv-00638-ADA Document 1 Filed 06/21/21 Page 1 of 114
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`IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
`FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS
`WACO DIVISION
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`
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`AMERICAN PATENTS LLC,
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`
`Plaintiff,
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`
`v.
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`
`XEROX CORPORATION and DAHILL
`OFFICE TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION
`D/B/A XEROX BUSINESS SOLUTIONS
`SOUTHWEST,
`
`
`CIVIL ACTION NO. 6:21-cv-638
`
`ORIGINAL COMPLAINT FOR
`PATENT INFRINGEMENT
`
`JURY TRIAL DEMANDED
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`
`
`
`
`
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`
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`Defendants.
`
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`ORIGINAL COMPLAINT FOR PATENT INFRINGEMENT
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`Plaintiff American Patents LLC (“American Patents” or “Plaintiff”) files this original
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`complaint against Defendants Xerox Corporation and Dahill Office Technology Corporation
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`d/b/a Xerox Business Solutions Southwest (collectively, “Xerox”), alleging, based on its own
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`knowledge as to itself and its own actions and based on information and belief as to all other
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`matters, as follows:
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`PARTIES
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`1.
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`American Patents is a limited liability company formed under the laws of the
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`State of Texas, with its principal place of business at 2325 Oak Alley, Tyler, Texas, 75703.
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`2.
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`Xerox Corporation is a corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of
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`New York. Xerox Corporation may be served through its registered agent Prentice Hall
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`Corporation System at 211 E. 7th St., Ste. 620, Austin, Texas 78701.
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`3.
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`Dahill Office Technology Corporation d/b/a Xerox Business Solutions Southwest
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`is a corporation organized and existing under the laws of Texas. Dahill Office Technology
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`Corporation d/b/a Xerox Business Solutions Southwest may be served through its registered
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`agent CT Corporation System at 1999 Bryan St., Ste. 900, Dallas, Texas 75201.
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`4.
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`The Defendants identified in paragraphs 2-3 above (collectively, “Xerox”) lead
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`and are part of an interrelated group of companies which together comprise one of the world’s
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`largest manufacturers of copiers and printers, including under the Xerox brand.
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`5.
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`The Xerox defendants named above and their affiliates are part of the same
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`corporate structure and distribution chain for the making, importing, offering to sell, selling, and
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`using of the accused devices in the United States, including in the State of Texas generally and
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`this judicial district in particular.
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`6.
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`The Xerox defendants named above and their affiliates share the same
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`management, common ownership, advertising platforms, facilities, distribution chains and
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`platforms, and accused product lines and products involving related technologies.
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`7.
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`The Xerox defendants named above and their affiliates regularly contract with
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`customers regarding equipment or services that will be provided by their affiliates on their
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`behalf.
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`8.
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`Thus, the Xerox defendants named above and their affiliates operate as a unitary
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`business venture and are jointly and severally liable for the acts of patent infringement alleged
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`herein.
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`JURISDICTION AND VENUE
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`9.
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`This is an action for infringement of United States patents arising under 35 U.S.C.
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`§§ 271, 281, and 284–85, among others. This Court has subject matter jurisdiction of the action
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`under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 and § 1338(a).
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`10.
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`This Court has personal jurisdiction over Xerox pursuant to due process and/or
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`the Texas Long Arm Statute because, inter alia, (i) Xerox has done and continues to do business
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`Case 6:21-cv-00638-ADA Document 1 Filed 06/21/21 Page 3 of 114
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`in Texas; (ii) Xerox has committed and continues to commit acts of patent infringement in the
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`State of Texas, including making, using, offering to sell, and/or selling accused products in
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`Texas, and/or importing accused products into Texas, including by Internet sales and sales via
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`retail and wholesale stores, inducing others to commit acts of patent infringement in Texas,
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`and/or committing a least a portion of any other infringements alleged herein; and (iii) Xerox is
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`registered to do business in Texas.
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`11.
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`Venue is proper in this district as to Defendant Dahill Office Technology
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`Corporation d/b/a Xerox Business Solutions Southwest under 28 U.S.C. § 1400(b) at least
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`because Dahill Office Technology Corporation d/b/a Xerox Business Solutions Southwest
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`resides in this District. Dahill Office Technology Corporation d/b/a Xerox Business Solutions
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`Southwest is a Texas corporation with headquarters in San Antonio.
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`12.
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`Venue is proper in this district pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1400(b). Venue is further
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`proper because Xerox has committed and continues to commit acts of patent infringement in this
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`district, including making, using, offering to sell, and/or selling accused products in this district,
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`and/or importing accused products into this district, including by Internet sales and sales via
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`retail and wholesale stores, inducing others to commit acts of patent infringement in Texas,
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`and/or committing at least a portion of any other infringements alleged herein in this district.
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`Xerox admittedly has a lease property located at 6838 Austin Center Blvd, Austin, Texas 78731
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`and has regular and established places of business in this district, including at least at 8200 IH 10
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`W, Suite #400, San Antonio, TX 78230, 17280 Green Mountain Road, San Antonio, Texas
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`78247 and at 901 S. Mopac Expressway, Building 2, Suite 595, Austin, Texas 78746, as shown
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`in the below screenshots:
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`(Source: https://southwest.xeroxbusinesssolutions.com)
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`(Source: screenshot from Google Maps Street View)
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`(Source: screenshot from Bexar County Appraisal District website)
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`(Source: screenshot from Google Maps Street View)
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`BACKGROUND
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`13.
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`The patents-in-suit generally pertain to communications networks and other
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`technology used in “smart” devices such as smartphones, smart TVs, and smart appliances. The
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`technology disclosed by the patents was developed by personnel at Georgia Institute of
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`Technology (“Georgia Tech”) and Nokia Corporation (“Nokia”).
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`14.
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`Georgia Tech is a leading public research university located in Atlanta, Georgia.
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`Founded in 1885, Georgia Tech is often ranked as one of the top ten public universities in the
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`United States. The patents from Georgia Tech (“the Mody patents”) were developed by a
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`professor and a graduate student in Georgia Tech’s Electrical and Computer Engineering
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`department. The undergraduate and graduate programs of this department are often ranked in the
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`top five of their respective categories.
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`15.
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`The Mody patents are related to Multi-Input, Multi-Output (MIMO) technology.
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`The inventors of the Mody patents were at the forefront of MIMO, developing, disclosing, and
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`patenting a solution for achieving both time and frequency synchronization in MIMO systems.
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`The Mody patents (or the applications leading to them) have been cited during patent prosecution
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`hundreds of times, by numerous leading companies in the computing and communications
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`industries, including AMD, Alcatel Lucent, Altair, AT&T, Atheros, Blackberry, Broadcom,
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`Comcast, Ericsson, Facebook, HP, Hitachi, Huawei, Infineon, Intel, Interdigital, IBM, Kyocera,
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`Marvell, Matsushita, Mediatek, Motorola, NEC, Nokia, Nortel Networks, NXP, Panasonic,
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`Philips, Qualcomm, Realtek, Samsung, Sanyo, Sharp, Sony, STMicroelectronics, Texas
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`Instruments, and Toshiba.
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`16.
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`Nokia is a Finnish multinational telecommunications, IT, and consumer
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`electronics company. Listed on both the Helsinki Stock Exchange and the New York Stock
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`Exchange, Nokia regularly makes the Fortune Global 500. Nokia has been the largest worldwide
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`vendor of mobile phones and smartphones and has been a major contributor to the mobile phone
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`industry.
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`17.
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`The patent developed at Nokia (“the Rauhala patent”) is related to reduction of
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`interference in receivers with multiple antennas. The inventors of the Rauhala patent have a
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`combined fifty plus years of experience at Nokia and were prolific inventors for Nokia. Inventor
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`Jyri Rauhala spent over 25 years at Nokia. Mr. Rauhala obtained a Master of Science in Applied
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`Electronics, Digital Electronics from Tampere University of Technology in Finland and is named
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`as an inventor on 15 U.S. patents. Inventor Olli-Pekka Lunden spent over 8 years at Nokia. Dr.
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`Lunden obtained a Doctor of Science in Technology, Radio Engineering from Aalto University
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`and is named as an inventor on 5 U.S. patents. Currently, Dr. Lunden works as a university
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`lecturer at Tampere University of Technology in Finland. Inventor Marko Erkkila spent over
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`twenty years at Nokia. Mr. Erkkila obtained a Master of Science in Digital Signal Processing,
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`Electronics, Computer Science from Tampere University of Technology in Finland and is named
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`as an inventor on 6 U.S. patents.
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`COUNT I
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`INFRINGEMENT OF U.S. PATENT NO. 7,088,782
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`18.
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`On August 8, 2006, United States Patent No. 7,088,782 (“the ‘782 Patent”) was
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`duly and legally issued by the United States Patent and Trademark Office for an invention
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`entitled “Time And Frequency Synchronization In Multi-Input, Multi-Output (MIMO) Systems.”
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`19.
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`American Patents is the owner of the ‘782 Patent, with all substantive rights in
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`and to that patent, including the sole and exclusive right to prosecute this action and enforce the
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`‘782 Patent against infringers, and to collect damages for all relevant times.
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`20.
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`Xerox used products and/or systems including, for example, its Xerox AltaLink
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`B8000 series, Xerox AltaLink B8100 series, Xerox AltaLink C8000 series, and Xerox AltaLink
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`C8100 series families of products that include 802.11n and above capabilities (“accused
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`products”):
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`(Source : https://www.office.xerox.com/en-us/multifunction-printers/altalink-b8000-series)
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`(Source : https://www.office.xerox.com/en-us/multifunction-printers/altalink-b8100-series)
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`Case 6:21-cv-00638-ADA Document 1 Filed 06/21/21 Page 9 of 114
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`(Source : https://www.office.xerox.com/en-us/multifunction-printers/altalink-c8000-series)
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`(Source : https://www.office.xerox.com/en-us/multifunction-printers/altalink-c8100-series)
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`(Source : https://www.xerox.com/en-us/office/insights/wireless-printers)
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`(Source : https://www.xerox.com/en-us/office/insights/wireless-printers)
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`Case 6:21-cv-00638-ADA Document 1 Filed 06/21/21 Page 12 of 114
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`(Source : https://api.cert.wi-fi.org/api/certificate/download/public?variantId=60026)
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`(Source : https://api.cert.wi-fi.org/api/certificate/download/public?variantId=60026)
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`(Source : https://api.cert.wi-fi.org/api/certificate/download/public?variantId=60027)
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`(Source : https://api.cert.wi-fi.org/api/certificate/download/public?variantId=60027)
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`(Source : https://api.cert.wi-fi.org/api/certificate/download/public?variantId=78739)
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`(Source : https://api.cert.wi-fi.org/api/certificate/download/public?variantId=78739)
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`(Source : https://api.cert.wi-fi.org/api/certificate/download/public?variantId=78703)
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`(Source : https://api.cert.wi-fi.org/api/certificate/download/public?variantId=78703)
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`21.
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`By doing so, Xerox has directly infringed (literally and/or under the doctrine of
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`equivalents) at least Claim 30 of the ‘782 Patent. Xerox’s infringement in this regard is ongoing.
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`22.
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`Xerox has infringed the ‘782 Patent by using the accused products and thereby
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`practicing a method for synchronizing a Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) Orthogonal
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`Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system in time and frequency domains. For example,
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`the accused products support IEEE 802.11 n/ac standards and MIMO technology. According to
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`the IEEE 802.11n standard, the PLCP Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) has training fields and
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`signaling fields for helping in synchronizing the communication system.
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`(Source : https://api.cert.wi-fi.org/api/certificate/download/public?variantId=60026)
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`Case 6:21-cv-00638-ADA Document 1 Filed 06/21/21 Page 17 of 114
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`(Source : https://api.cert.wi-fi.org/api/certificate/download/public?variantId=60026)
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`(Source : https://api.cert.wi-fi.org/api/certificate/download/public?variantId=60027)
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`Case 6:21-cv-00638-ADA Document 1 Filed 06/21/21 Page 18 of 114
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`(Source : https://api.cert.wi-fi.org/api/certificate/download/public?variantId=60027)
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`(Source : https://api.cert.wi-fi.org/api/certificate/download/public?variantId=78739)
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`(Source : https://api.cert.wi-fi.org/api/certificate/download/public?variantId=78739)
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`(Source : https://api.cert.wi-fi.org/api/certificate/download/public?variantId=78703)
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`(Source : https://api.cert.wi-fi.org/api/certificate/download/public?variantId=78703)
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`(Source: http://luci.subsignal.org/~jow/802.11n-2009.pdf)
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`Case 6:21-cv-00638-ADA Document 1 Filed 06/21/21 Page 21 of 114
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`(Source: http://luci.subsignal.org/~jow/802.11n-2009.pdf)
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`(Source: https://www.cnrood.com/en/media/solutions/Wi-
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`Fi_Overview_of_the_802.11_Physical_Layer.pdf)
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`23.
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`The methods practiced by Xerox’s use of the accused products include producing
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`a frame of data comprising a training symbol that includes a synchronization component that aids
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`Case 6:21-cv-00638-ADA Document 1 Filed 06/21/21 Page 22 of 114
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`in synchronization, a plurality of data symbols, and a plurality of cyclic prefixes. For example,
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`as part of the 802.11n standard, two preamble formats are defined for frames: HT-mixed format
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`and HT-greenfield format. The non-HT and HT-mixed format preambles consist of training
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`symbols, data symbols and guard intervals/cyclic prefixes, and the training symbols (L-STF and
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`L-LTF fields) are and have been used for frame synchronization. Alternatively, on request from
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`accused products, an 802.11 n/ac compliant WiFi access point can act as a transmitter and
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`perform the step of producing a frame of data comprising a training symbol that includes a
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`synchronization component that aids in synchronization, a plurality of data symbols, and a
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`plurality of cyclic prefixes.
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`(Source: http://luci.subsignal.org/~jow/802.11n-2009.pdf)
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`Case 6:21-cv-00638-ADA Document 1 Filed 06/21/21 Page 23 of 114
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`(Source: http://luci.subsignal.org/~jow/802.11n-2009.pdf)
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`(Source: https://www.cnrood.com/en/media/solutions/Wi-
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`Fi_Overview_of_the_802.11_Physical_Layer.pdf)
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`Case 6:21-cv-00638-ADA Document 1 Filed 06/21/21 Page 24 of 114
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`(Source: http://luci.subsignal.org/~jow/802.11n-2009.pdf)
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`24.
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`The methods practiced by Xerox’s use of the accused products include
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`transmitting the frame over a channel. The data frames containing the preambles are transmitted
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`using one or more transmitting antennas. Alternatively, on request from an accused product, an
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`802.11 n/ac compliant WiFi access point can act as a transmitter and transmit the frame over a
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`channel using one or more transmitting antennas.
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`(Source: http://luci.subsignal.org/~jow/802.11n-2009.pdf)
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`(Source: http://luci.subsignal.org/~jow/802.11n-2009.pdf)
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`25.
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`The methods practiced by Xerox’s use of the accused products include receiving
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`the transmitted frame. For example, the receiving antennas of the accused products can receive
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`the transmitted frames for further processing.
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`Case 6:21-cv-00638-ADA Document 1 Filed 06/21/21 Page 25 of 114
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`(Source: http://luci.subsignal.org/~jow/802.11n-2009.pdf)
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`26.
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`The methods practiced by Xerox’s use of the accused products include
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`demodulating the received frame. For example, the received data frames are demodulated using
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`the PLCP preambles.
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`(Source: http://luci.subsignal.org/~jow/802.11n-2009.pdf)
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`27.
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`The methods practiced by Xerox’s use of the accused products include
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`synchronizing the received demodulated frame to the transmitted frame such that the data
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`symbols are synchronized in the time domain and frequency domain. For example, different
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`fields of data like training symbols, cyclic prefixes and other signal bits are present in the
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`received frame. The training symbols (L-STF and L-LTF fields) help in synchronizing the frame
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`in both the time domain and frequency domain.
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`Case 6:21-cv-00638-ADA Document 1 Filed 06/21/21 Page 26 of 114
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`(Source : https://api.cert.wi-fi.org/api/certificate/download/public?variantId=60026)
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`(Source : https://api.cert.wi-fi.org/api/certificate/download/public?variantId=60026)
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`(Source : https://api.cert.wi-fi.org/api/certificate/download/public?variantId=60027)
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`(Source : https://api.cert.wi-fi.org/api/certificate/download/public?variantId=60027)
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`(Source : https://api.cert.wi-fi.org/api/certificate/download/public?variantId=78703)
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`Case 6:21-cv-00638-ADA Document 1 Filed 06/21/21 Page 30 of 114
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`(Source: http://luci.subsignal.org/~jow/802.11n-2009.pdf)
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`(Source: http://luci.subsignal.org/~jow/802.11n-2009.pdf)
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`Case 6:21-cv-00638-ADA Document 1 Filed 06/21/21 Page 31 of 114
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`(Source: https://www.iith.ac.in/~tbr/teaching/docs/802.11-2007.pdf)
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`28.
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`The methods practiced by Xerox’s use of the accused products include wherein
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`the synchronizing in the time domain comprises coarse time synchronizing and fine time
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`synchronizing. For example, the demodulation of PPDU frames also includes detecting training
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`field bits and establishing a timing synchronization. This time synchronization would include
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`both coarse and fine time synchronization. In general, coarse time synchronization is done using
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`L-STF field and fine time synchronization is done using L-LTF field present in the preamble.
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`(Source: http://luci.subsignal.org/~jow/802.11n-2009.pdf)
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`Case 6:21-cv-00638-ADA Document 1 Filed 06/21/21 Page 32 of 114
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`(Source: Introduction to MIMO Communications, Hampton, Jerry R. (2014))
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`(Source: Next Generation Wireless LANs: 802.11n and 802.11ac, Perahia, Eldad and
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`Stacey, Robert)
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`29.
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`Xerox has had actual knowledge of the ‘782 Patent at least as of the date when it
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`was notified of the filing of this action. By the time of trial, Xerox will have known and
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`intended (since receiving such notice) that its continued actions would infringe and actively
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`induce and contribute to the infringement of one or more claims of the ‘782 Patent.
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`30.
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`Xerox has also indirectly and willfully infringed, and continues to indirectly and
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`willfully infringe, the ‘782 Patent, as explained further below in the “Additional Allegations
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`Regarding Infringement” section.
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`Case 6:21-cv-00638-ADA Document 1 Filed 06/21/21 Page 33 of 114
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`31.
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`American Patents has been damaged as a result of the infringing conduct by
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`Xerox alleged above. Thus, Xerox is liable to American Patents in an amount that adequately
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`compensates it for such infringements, which, by law, cannot be less than a reasonable royalty,
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`together with interest and costs as fixed by this Court under 35 U.S.C. § 284.
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`32.
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`American Patents and/or its predecessors-in-interest have satisfied all statutory
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`obligations required to collect pre-filing damages for the full period allowed by law for
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`infringement of the ‘782 Patent.
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`COUNT II
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`INFRINGEMENT OF U.S. PATENT NO. 7,310,304
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`33.
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`On December 18, 2007, United States Patent No. 7,310,304 (“the ‘304 Patent”)
`
`was duly and legally issued by the United States Patent and Trademark Office for an invention
`
`entitled “Estimating Channel Parameters in Multi-Input, Multi-Output (MIMO) Systems.”
`
`34.
`
`American Patents is the owner of the ‘304 Patent, with all substantive rights in
`
`and to that patent, including the sole and exclusive right to prosecute this action and enforce the
`
`‘304 Patent against infringers, and to collect damages for all relevant times.
`
`35.
`
`Xerox made, had made, used, imported, provided, supplied, distributed, sold,
`
`and/or offered for sale products and/or systems including, for example, its Xerox AltaLink
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`B8000 series, Xerox AltaLink B8100 series, Xerox AltaLink C8000 series, and Xerox AltaLink
`
`C8100 series families of products that include 802.11n and above capabilities (“accused
`
`products”):
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`
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`33
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`Case 6:21-cv-00638-ADA Document 1 Filed 06/21/21 Page 34 of 114
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`
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`
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`(Source : https://www.office.xerox.com/en-us/multifunction-printers/altalink-b8000-series)
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`(Source : https://www.office.xerox.com/en-us/multifunction-printers/altalink-b8100-series)
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`
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`34
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`Case 6:21-cv-00638-ADA Document 1 Filed 06/21/21 Page 35 of 114
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`(Source : https://www.office.xerox.com/en-us/multifunction-printers/altalink-c8000-series)
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`(Source : https://www.office.xerox.com/en-us/multifunction-printers/altalink-c8100-series)
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`35
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`Case 6:21-cv-00638-ADA Document 1 Filed 06/21/21 Page 36 of 114
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`(Source : https://www.xerox.com/en-us/office/insights/wireless-printers)
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`36
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`Case 6:21-cv-00638-ADA Document 1 Filed 06/21/21 Page 37 of 114
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`(Source : https://www.xerox.com/en-us/office/insights/wireless-printers)
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`37
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`Case 6:21-cv-00638-ADA Document 1 Filed 06/21/21 Page 38 of 114
`
`(Source : https://api.cert.wi-fi.org/api/certificate/download/public?variantId=60026)
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`(Source : https://api.cert.wi-fi.org/api/certificate/download/public?variantId=60026)
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`38
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`Case 6:21-cv-00638-ADA Document 1 Filed 06/21/21 Page 39 of 114
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`(Source : https://api.cert.wi-fi.org/api/certificate/download/public?variantId=60027)
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`(Source : https://api.cert.wi-fi.org/api/certificate/download/public?variantId=60027)
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`39
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`Case 6:21-cv-00638-ADA Document 1 Filed 06/21/21 Page 40 of 114
`
`(Source : https://api.cert.wi-fi.org/api/certificate/download/public?variantId=78739)
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`(Source : https://api.cert.wi-fi.org/api/certificate/download/public?variantId=78739)
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`40
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`Case 6:21-cv-00638-ADA Document 1 Filed 06/21/21 Page 41 of 114
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`(Source : https://api.cert.wi-fi.org/api/certificate/download/public?variantId=78703)
`
`(Source : https://api.cert.wi-fi.org/api/certificate/download/public?variantId=78703)
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`41
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`Case 6:21-cv-00638-ADA Document 1 Filed 06/21/21 Page 42 of 114
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`36.
`
`By doing so, Xerox has directly infringed (literally and/or under the doctrine of
`
`equivalents) at least Claim 1 of the ‘304 Patent. Xerox’s infringement in this regard is ongoing.
`
`37.
`
`Xerox has infringed the ‘304 Patent by making, having made, using, importing,
`
`providing, supplying, distributing, selling or offering for sale products including an Orthogonal
`
`Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) transmitter. For example, the accused products
`
`support IEEE 802.11 n/ac standards and MIMO technology. The IEEE 802.11n standard “uses
`
`OFDM modulation to transmit all data.”
`
`
`
`(Source:
`
`http://rfmw.em.keysight.com/wireless/helpfiles/89600b/webhelp/subsystems/wlan-
`
`mimo/Content/mimo_80211n_overview.htm)
`
`38.
`
`The accused products include an encoder configured to process data to be
`
`transmitted within an OFDM system, the encoder further configured to separate the data onto
`
`one or more transmit diversity branches (TDBs). For example, the 802.11 ac standard is
`
`backwards compatible with 802.11n and 802.11a. Thus, if a device, such as an accused product,
`
`implements 802.11ac, then it also supports 802.11n and all previous versions of the WiFi
`
`standards (i.e., IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n). According to the IEEE 802.11n standard, an encoder block
`
`
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`42
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`Case 6:21-cv-00638-ADA Document 1 Filed 06/21/21 Page 43 of 114
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`is present in a transmitter section of general OFDM systems. The encoder(s) output(s) the data
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`onto multiple transmit chains (transmit diversity branches) for further processing.
`
`(Source: 802.11ac: A Survival Guide: Wi-Fi at Gigabit and Beyond, Gast, Matthew S.)
`
`(Source: 802.11ac: A Survival Guide: Wi-Fi at Gigabit and Beyond, Gast, Matthew S.)
`
`
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`43
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`Case 6:21-cv-00638-ADA Document 1 Filed 06/21/21 Page 44 of 114
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`(Source: http://luci.subsignal.org/~jow/802.11n-2009.pdf)
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`
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`44
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`Case 6:21-cv-00638-ADA Document 1 Filed 06/21/21 Page 45 of 114
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`
`
`(Source: http://luci.subsignal.org/~jow/802.11n-2009.pdf)
`
`39.
`
`The accused products include one or more OFDM modulators, each OFDM
`
`modulator connected to a respective TDB, each OFDM modulator configured to produce a frame
`
`including a plurality of data symbols, a training structure, and cyclic prefixes inserted among the
`
`data symbols. For example, according to the IEEE 802.11n standard, a transmitter block would
`
`contain different functional blocks which include constellation mappers, IDFT stage, and Guard
`
`interval insertion. The constellation mapper maps the bits and the constellation points for
`
`different modulation schemes like QPSK, BPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM. Hence, there would
`
`be modulator blocks for performing the modulation. After modulating the signal, it is converted
`
`
`
`45
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`Case 6:21-cv-00638-ADA Document 1 Filed 06/21/21 Page 46 of 114
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`into the time domain and is transmitted as frames of data. These transmitted frames include a
`
`training structure, signal bits, cyclic prefixes and data bits.
`
`(Source: http://luci.subsignal.org/~jow/802.11n-2009.pdf)
`
`
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`46
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`Case 6:21-cv-00638-ADA Document 1 Filed 06/21/21 Page 47 of 114
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`(Source: http://luci.subsignal.org/~jow/802.11n-2009.pdf)
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`47
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`Case 6:21-cv-00638-ADA Document 1 Filed 06/21/21 Page 48 of 114
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`
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`(Source: http://luci.subsignal.org/~jow/802.11n-2009.pdf)
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`40.
`
`The accused products include one or more transmitting antennas in
`
`communication with the one or more OFDM modulators, respectively, each transmitting antenna
`
`configured to transmit the respective frame over a channel. The accused products support 802.11
`
`a/b/g/n/ac WiFi standards and comprise one or more transmitting and one or more receiving
`
`antennas. These transmitting antennas transmit multiple OFDM frames with various signal
`
`fields over a channel. Thus, these transmitting antennas are connected to the OFDM modulators
`
`to obtain the OFDM frames for further transmission.
`
`
`
`48
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`Case 6:21-cv-00638-ADA Document 1 Filed 06/21/21 Page 49 of 114
`
`(Source : https://api.cert.wi-fi.org/api/certificate/download/public?variantId=60026)
`
`(Source : https://api.cert.wi-fi.org/api/certificate/download/public?variantId=60026)
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`49
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`Case 6:21-cv-00638-ADA Document 1 Filed 06/21/21 Page 50 of 114
`
`(Source : https://api.cert.wi-fi.org/api/certificate/download/public?variantId=60027)
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`(Source : https://api.cert.wi-fi.org/api/certificate/download/public?variantId=60027)
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`50
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`Case 6:21-cv-00638-ADA Document 1 Filed 06/21/21 Page 51 of 114
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`(Source : https://api.cert.wi-fi.org/api/certificate/download/public?variantId=78739)
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`(Source : https://api.cert.wi-fi.org/api/certificate/download/public?variantId=78739)
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`51
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`Case 6:21-cv-00638-ADA Document 1 Filed 06/21/21 Page 52 of 114
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`(Source : https://api.cert.wi-fi.org/api/certificate/download/public?variantId=78703)
`
`(Source : https://api.cert.wi-fi.org/api/certificate/download/public?variantId=78703)
`
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`52
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`Case 6:21-cv-00638-ADA Document 1 Filed 06/21/21 Page 53 of 114
`
`(Source: http://rfmw.em.keysight.com/wireless/helpfiles/89600b/webhelp/subsystems/wlan-
`
`mimo/Content/mimo_80211n_overview.htm)
`
`(Source: http://luci.subsignal.org/~jow/802.11n-2009.pdf)
`
`41.
`
`The accused products include wherein the training structure of each frame
`
`includes a predetermined signal transmission matrix at a respective sub-channel, each training
`
`
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`53
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`Case 6:21-cv-00638-ADA Document 1 Filed 06/21/21 Page 54 of 114
`
`structure adjusted to have a substantially constant amplitude in a time domain, and the cyclic
`
`prefixes are further inserted within the training symbol, and wherein the cyclic prefixes within
`
`the training symbol are longer than the cyclic prefixes among the data symbols, thereby
`
`countering an extended channel impulse response and improving synchronization performance.
`
`For example, a space time matrix is part of the data symbols and the training symbols in the
`
`transmission data. This data is transmitted over different antennas. The WiFi standards use
`
`guard intervals while transmitting frames to help the synchronization of frames at the receiver
`
`end. These guard intervals are of different lengths for the preamble and data symbols. The
`
`screenshots below show the Guard interval in the Long Training Field is 1.6 micro seconds, and
`
`the data field uses a Short guard interval of 0.4 micro seconds, so the cyclic prefix for the
`
`training symbols is longer than the cyclic prefix for data symbols. The training symbols (L-STF,
`
`HT-STF fields) in the 802.11n preamble have a constant amplitude in the time domain.
`
`(Source: http://luci.subsignal.org/~jow/802.11n-2009.pdf)
`
`
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`54
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`Case 6:21-cv-00638-ADA Document 1 Filed 06/21/21 Page 55 of 114
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`
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`
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`
`
`(Source: http://luci.subsignal.org/~jow/802.11n-2009.pdf)
`
`(Source: http://luci.subsignal.org/~jow/802.11n-2009.pdf)
`
`(Source: http://luci.subsignal.org/~jow/802.11n-2009.pdf)
`
`
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`55
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`Case 6:21-cv-00638-ADA Document 1 Filed 06/21/21 Page 56 of 114
`
`(Source: http://www.ahltek.com/WhitePaperspdf/802.11-20%20specs/802.11a-1999.pdf)
`
`
`
`(Source: Next Generation Wireless LANs: 802.11n and 802.11ac, Perahia, Eldad and Stacey,
`
`
`
`Robert)
`
`
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`56
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`Case 6:21-cv-00638-ADA Document 1 Filed 06/21/21 Page 57 of 114
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`42.
`
`Xerox has had actual knowledge of the ‘304 Patent at least as of the date when it
`
`was notified of the filing of this action. By the time of trial, Xerox will have known and
`
`intended (since receiving such notice) that its continued actions would infringe and actively
`
`induce and contribute to the infringement of one or more claims of the ‘304 Patent.
`
`43.
`
`Xerox has also indirectly and willfully infringed, and continues to indirectly and
`
`willfully infringe, the ‘304 Patent, as explained further below in the “Additional Allegations
`
`Regarding Infringement” section.
`
`44.
`
`American Patents has been damaged as a result of the infringing conduct by
`
`Xerox alleged above. Thus, Xerox is liable to American Patents in an amount that adequately
`
`compensates it for such infringements, which, by law, cannot be less than a reasonable royalty,
`
`together with interest and costs as fixed by this Court under 35 U.S.C. § 284.
`
`45.
`
`American Patents and/or its predecessors-in-interest have satisfied all statutory
`
`obligations required to collect pre-filing damages for the full period allowed by law for
`
`infringement of the ‘304 Patent.
`
`COUNT III
`
`INFRINGEMENT OF U.S. PATENT NO. 7,706,458
`
`46.
`
`On April 27, 2010, United States Patent No. 7,706,458 (“the ‘458 Patent”)