To:
`Subject:
`Sent:
`Sent As:
`
`FAMOUS BRANDS llc(gilbert@famousb.com)
`U.S. Trademark Application Serial No. 97498009 - RWB VODKA USA
`November 03, 2022 08:38:00 PM EDT
`tmng.notices@uspto.gov
`
`Attachments
`
`screencapture-en-wikipedia-org-wiki-United_States-16675216592151
`screencapture-en-wikipedia-org-wiki-United_States-16675216592152
`
`United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO)
`Office Action (Official Letter) About Applicant’s Trademark Application
`
`
`
`U.S. Application Serial No.  97498009
`
`Mark:   RWB VODKA USA
`
`Correspondence Address:  
`FAMOUS BRANDS LLC
`4701 PINE CIRCLE
`BELLAIRE TX 77401 UNITED STATES
`
`Applicant:   FAMOUS BRANDS llc
`
`Reference/Docket No.  N/A
`
`Correspondence Email Address:   gilbert@famousb.com
`
`
`
`
`
`
`NONFINAL OFFICE ACTION
`
`The USPTO must receive applicant’s response to this letter within six months of the issue date
`below or the application will be abandoned.  Respond using the Trademark Electronic Application
`System (TEAS).  A link to the appropriate TEAS response form appears at the end of this Office 
`action.  
`
`Issue date:   November 03, 2022
`
`The referenced application has been reviewed by the assigned trademark examining attorney. Applicant
`must respond timely and completely to the issue(s) below. 15 U.S.C. §1062(b); 37 C.F.R. §§2.62(a),
`2.65(a); TMEP §§711, 718.03.
`
`
`

`

`The trademark examining attorney has searched the USPTO database of registered and pending marks
`and has found no conflicting marks that would bar registration under Trademark Act Section 2(d). 15
`U.S.C. §1052(d); TMEP §704.02.
`
`SUMMARY OF ISSUES:
`
`•
`
`Disclaimer Required
`
`
`DISCLAIMER REQUIRED
`
`Applicant must disclaim the wording “VODKA USA” because it is merely descriptive and primarily
`geographically descriptive of applicant’s goods and/or services.
`
`The wording “VODKA” merely describes an ingredient, quality, characteristic, function, feature,
`purpose, or use of applicant’s goods and/or services. See 15 U.S.C. §1052(e)(1); DuoProSS Meditech
`Corp. v. Inviro Med. Devices, Ltd., 695 F.3d 1247, 1251, 103 USPQ2d 1753, 1755 (Fed. Cir. 2012).
`
`The applicant set forth the identification of goods of "Vodka." Therefore, this wording merely describes
`the nature of the goods.
`
`In addition, the wording “USA” is primarily geographically descriptive of the origin of applicant’s
`goods and/or services. See 15 U.S.C. §1052(e)(2); In re Societe Generale des Eaux Minerales de Vittel
`S.A., 824 F.2d 957, 959, 3 USPQ2d 1450, 1451-52 (Fed. Cir. 1987); TMEP §§1210.01(a), 1210.06(a),
`1213.03(a).
`
`The attached evidence from Wikipedia.org shows that USA is a generally known geographic place or
`location. See TMEP §§1210.02 et seq. The goods and/or services for which applicant seeks registration
`originate in this geographic place or location as shown by specify evidence, e.g., applicant’s address,
`specimen, or extrinsic evidence. See TMEP §1210.03. Because the goods and/or services originate in
`this place or location, a public association of the goods and/or services with the place is presumed. See
`In re Hollywood Lawyers Online, 110 USPQ2d 1852, 1858 (TTAB 2014) (citing In re Spirits of New
`Merced, LLC, 85 USPQ2d 1614, 1621 (TTAB 2007)); TMEP §§1210.02(a), 1210.04.
`
`Applicant may respond to this issue by submitting a disclaimer in the following format:
`
`
`No claim is made to the exclusive right to use “VODKA USA” apart from the mark as
`shown.
`
`
`For an overview of disclaimers and instructions on how to provide one using the Trademark Electronic
`Application System (TEAS), see the Disclaimer webpage.
`
`Please call or email the assigned trademark examining attorney with questions about this Office action.
`Although an examining attorney cannot provide legal advice, the examining attorney can provide
`additional explanation about the refusal(s) and/or requirement(s) in this Office action. See TMEP
`§§705.02, 709.06.
`
`The USPTO does not accept emails as responses to Office actions; however, emails can be used for
`informal communications and are included in the application record. See 37 C.F.R. §§2.62(c), 2.191;
`TMEP §§304.01-.02, 709.04-.05.
`
`

`

`
`How to respond.   Click to file a response to this nonfinal Office action.
`
`
`
`/Valerie Kaplan/
`Valerie Kaplan
`Trademark Examining Attorney
`Law Office 107
`(571) 272-6767
`valerie.kaplan@uspto.gov
`
`
`
`
`RESPONSE GUIDANCE
`
`•
`
`•
`
`•
`
`Missing the response deadline to this letter will cause the application to abandon.  The
`response must be received by the USPTO before midnight Eastern Time of the last day of the
`response period.  TEAS maintenance or unforeseen circumstances could affect an applicant’s
`ability to timely respond.
`
`Responses signed by an unauthorized party are not accepted and can cause the application to
`abandon.  If applicant does not have an attorney, the response must be signed by the individual
`applicant, all joint applicants, or someone with legal authority to bind a juristic applicant.  If
`applicant has an attorney, the response must be signed by the attorney.
`
`If needed, find contact information for the supervisor of the office or unit listed in the
`signature block.
`
`

`

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`cy
`
`Aa
`United States
`From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`Coordinates: Gy 40°N 100°w
`(Redirected from Usa)
`
` ~
`
`WIKIPEDIA
`‘The Free Encyclopedia
`
`Main page
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`Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see America (disambiguation), US (disambiguation), USA (disambiguation), The United States ofAmerica (disambiguation) and United States (disambiguation).
`The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country located in North America.It consists of
`United States of America
`50 states,a federaldistrict, five major unincorporatedterritories, nine Minor Outlying Islands,and 326 Indian reservations.It is the third-largest country by both land
`andtotal area.!“l The United States shares land borders with Canadatoits north and with Mexicoto its south. It has maritime borders with the Bahamas, Cuba,
`Russia, and othernations.!"! with a population of over 331 million,!®! it is the third most populous country in the world. The nationalcapital is Washington, D.C., and
`the most populouscity andfinancial center is New York City.
`Paleo-aboriginals migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago, and advancedcultures began to appearlater on. These advanced
`cultures had almost completely declined by the time the Europeanshad arrived in North America, who subsequently began to colonize the continent. The United
`States emerged from the Thirteen Britisn Colonies whendisputeswith the British Crownovertaxation and political representation led to the American Revolution
`(1765-1784), which established the nation's independence.In the late 18th century, the U.S. began expanding across North America, gradually obtaining new
`territories, sometimes through war, frequently displacing Native Americans, and admitting new states. By 1848, the United States spanned the continent from east to
`west. The controversy surroundingthe practice of slavery culminatedin the secession of the Confederate States ofAmerica, which fought the remainingstates of the
`Union during the American Civil War (1861-1865). With the Union's victory and preservation, slavery was abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment.
`By 1900, the United States had becomethe world's largest economy, and the Spanish-American War and World War| established the country as a world power. After
`Japan's surprise attack on Pearl Harborin 1941, the U.S. entered World WarII on the Allied side. The aftermath of the warleft the United States and the Soviet Union
`as the world's two superpowers. During the Cold War, both countries engagedin a struggle for ideological dominance but avoided direct military conflict. They also
`competed in the Space Race, which culminated in the 1969 American spaceflight thatfirst landed humanson the Moon. Simultaneously,thecivil rights movement led
`to legislation abolishing state and local Jim Crow laws and othercodified racial discrimination against African Americans. The Soviet Union's dissolution in 1991 ended
`the Cold War,leaving the United States as the world's sole superpower. The September11 attacks in 2001 resulted in the United States launching the waronterror,
`which included the Warin Afghanistan (2001-2021) andthe Iraq War (2003-2011).
`The United States is a federal republic with three separate branches of government, including a bicamerallegislature.It is a liberal democracy and market economy;it
`ranks high in international measures of humanrights, quality oflife, income and wealth, economic competitiveness, and education; andit has low levels of perceived
`corruption. It has high levels of incarceration andinequality, allows capital punishment, and lacks universal health care. As a melting pot of cultures and ethnicities, the
`U.S. has been shaped by centuries of immigration.
`The United States is a highly developed country, and its economy accounts for approximately a quarter of global GDP andis the world's largest by GDP at market
`exchangerates. By value, the United States is the world's largest importer and second-largest exporter. Althoughit accountsfor just over 4.2% of the world's total
`population, the U.S. holds over 30%ofthe total wealth in the world, the largest share held by any country. The United States is a founding memberof the United
`Nations, World Bank,International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States, NATO,and is a permanent memberof the United Nations Security Council. The
`country makes up more than a third of global military spending and is the foremostmilitary powerin the world anda leadingpolitical, cultural, and scientific force.
`Contents [hide]
`
` Flag
`
`Coatof arms
`
`Motto:
`“In God WeTrust"t!]
`[show]
`Othertraditional mottos:
`Anthem:"The Star-Spangled Banner?!
`
`4
`
`@show globe(states and D.C.only)
`Osshow the U.S. andits territories
`Osnow all
`Washington, D.C
`Se 38°53'N 77°01'W
`New York City
`S$ 40°43'N 74°00'W
`Noneat the federal
`level]
`
`Capital
`Largestcity
`
`Official languages
`
`

`

`English (de facto)
`1 Etymology
`2 History
`By race:!®!
`61.6% White
`2.1 Indigenous peoples and pre-Columbianhistory
`12.4% Black
`6% Asian
`2.2 Europeansettlements
`1.1% Native American
`2.3 Independence and early expansion
`0.2% Pacific Islander
`10.2% Multiracial
`2.4 Civil War and Reconstruction era
`8.4% Others
`2.5 Further immigration, expansion, andindustrialization
`By Hispanic or Latino
`origin:
`2.6 World WarI, Great Depression, and World WarII
`81.3% Non-Hispanic or
`2.7 Cold Warand late 20th century
`Latino
`18.7% Hispanic or
`2.8 21st century
`Latino
`3 Geography
`3.1 Climate
`Religion (2021)!—63% Christianity
`—40% Protestantism
`—21% Catholicism
`3.2 Biodiversity and conservation
`—2% Other Christian
`4 Governmentandpolitics
`29% Noreligion
`6% Other
`4.1 Federal government
`2% Unanswered
`42 Political divisions
`
`Demonym(s)
`American!
`43 Foreignrelations
`44 Military
`Government
`Federal presidential
`constitutional republic
`45 Law enforcementand crime
`* President
`Joe Biden
`5 Economy
`+ Vice President
`Kamala Harris
`5.1 Income and poverty
`+House Speaker
`Nancy Pelosi
`
`+ Chief Justice
`John Roberts
`5.2 Science, technology, and energy
`5.3 Transportation
`Legislature
`Congress
`+ Upper house
`Senate
`6 Demographics
`+ Lower house
`House of
`6.1 Population
`Representatives
`6.2 Language
`Independencefrom GreatBritain
`6.3 Religion
`* Declaration
`July 4, 1776
`6.4 Urbanization
`+ Confederation
`March 1, 1781
`6.5 Health
`+ Treaty of Paris
`September 3, 1783
`+ Constitution
`June 21, 1788
`6.6 Education
`+ Last state
`August 21, 1959
`
`admitted
`7 Culture and society
`71 Literature and visualarts
`Area
`7.2 Cinemaandtheater
`+ Total area
`73 Music.
`74 Mass media
`75 Food
`7.6 Sports
`8 See also
`9 Notes
`10 References
`41 Further reading
`12 Externallinks
`
`
`
`National language
`Ethnic groups
`(2020)(1718)
`
`© Espafiol
`Francais
`S01
`Italiano
`Pyccunnit
`Tagalog
`Tiéng Viet
`RIE
`%q 299 more
`# Edit links
`
`
`
`
`
`A 331,893,745061131
`331,449,281171141 (3rqy
`87/sq mi (33.6/km?)
`(185th)
`2022 estimate
`A $25.03 trillion!"5]
`
`3,796,742 sq mi
`(9,833,520 km2)l"1]
`(3rdfd])
`+ Water(%)
`4.66!'2]
`+ Land area
`3,531,905 sq mi
`
`(9,147,590 km?) (3th)
`Population
`+ 2021 estimate
`+ 2020 census
`+ Density
`GDP(PPP)
`* Total
`
`

`

`(nd)
`
`A $75,179!'5](th)
`Etymology
`+ Per capita
`Furtherinformation: Names of the United States, Namesfor United Statescitizens, Naming of the Americas, Americas § Terminology, and American (word)
`GDP(nominal)
`2022estimate
`+ Total
`A $25.03 trillion!"5) (4st)
`Thefirst known use of the name "America" dates to 1507, whenit appeared on a world map produced by the German cartographer Martin Waldseemilller in Saint
`+ Percapita
`A.$75,17915I (ath)
`Dié, Lorraine (now northeastern France). On his map, the nameis showninlargeletters on what would now be considered South America, honoring Amerigo
`Gini (2020)
`Per
`|
`Vespucci. The Italian explorer wasthefirst to postulate that the West Indies did not represent Asia's eastern limit but were part of a previously unknown
`high
`
`HDI(2021)landmass.!?5ll2"1 In 1538, the Flemish cartographer Gerardus Mercator used the name "America"to refer to the entire Western Hemisphere.51 ‘0.92high-24st
`Thefirst documentary evidenceof the phrase "United States of America" dates from a January 2, 1776 letter written by Stephen Moylan to Joseph Reed, George
`vend
`.
`‘Gurency,
`Washington's aide-de-camp. Moylan expressedhis wishto go "with full and ample powers from the United States ofAmerica to Spain" to seek assistancein the
`U.S. dollar ($) (USD)
`Time zone
`tevolutionary wareffort.7°1S°ll1 Thefirst known publication of the phrase "United States ofAmerica" wasin an anonymousessayin The Virginia Gazette newspaper
`UTG-4 to -12, +10, #11
`¢Summer (DST)
`in Williamsburg, on April 6, 1776.22]
`UTC-4 to - 1010)
`pate format
`The second draft of the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, prepared by John Dickinson and completednolater than June 17, 1776, declared "The name
`mintddiyyyyl"
`
`of this Confederation shall be the 'United States of America’.""! Thefinal versionofthe Articles, sentto the states forratification in late 1777,stated that "The Stile of|Driving side right!
`this Confederacy shall be 'The United States of America’."*4] In June 1776, ThomasJefferson wrote the phrase "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA"in all capitalized
`Calling code
`+
`|
`letters in the headline of his "original Rough draught"of the Declaration of Independence.!°*! This draft of the documentdid notsurface until June 21, 1776,anditis
`ISO 3166 code
`us
`|
`unclear whetherit was written before orafter Dickinson used the term in his June 17 draft of the Articles of Confederation.|?")
`The phrase "United States" wasoriginally plural in American usage.It described a collection of states—e.g., "the United Statesare..." The singular form became popularafter the endofthe Civil War and is now
`standard usage. A citizen of the United Statesis called an "American". "United States", "American", and "U.S." refer to the country adjectivally ("American values", "U.S. forces"). In English, the word "American"
`rarely refers to topics or subjects notdirectly connected with the United States.!**
`
`History
`Main article: History of the United States
`Fora topical guide, see Outline of United States history.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Indigenous peoples and pre-Columbianhistory
`Further information: Native Americans in the United States, Prehistory of the United States, and Pre-Columbian era
`Itis generally accepted thatthe first inhabitants of North America migrated from Siberia by way of the Bering land bridge and arrived at least 12,000 years ago; however,
`some evidence suggests an even earlier date of arrival.{5I157IIS5] The Clovis culture, which appeared around 11,000 BCG,is believed to representthefirst wave of human
`settlementof the Americas.!°9ll#°l This waslikely the first of three major waves of migration into North America: later waves brought the ancestors of present-day
`Athabaskans,Aleuts, and Eskimos./41]
`Overtime, indigenous cultures in North America grew increasingly complex, and some, such as the pre-Columbian Mississippian culture in the southeast, developed
`advancedagriculture, architecture, and complex societies.'*4] The city-state of Cahokia is the largest, most complex pre-Columbian archaeologicalsite in the modern-day
`United States.!**] In the Four Comers region, Ancestral Puebloan culture developed from centuries of agricultural experimentation [4] The Haudenosaunee,located in the
`southern Great Lakes region, was established at somepoint betweenthe twelfth andfifteenth centuries.{5! Most prominentalongthe Atlantic coast were the Algonquian
`tribes, who practiced hunting andtrapping, along with limited farming.46]
`Estimating the native population of North America during European contactis difficult.!47ll48) Douglas H. Ubelakerof the SmithsonianInstitution estimated a population of
`93 thousandin the South Atlantic states and a population of 473 thousandin the Gulf states,|*9] but most academics regardthis figure as too low.!47] Anthropologist Henry
`F. Dobynsbelieved the populations were much higher, suggesting around 1.1 million along the shoresofthe Gulf of Mexico, 2.2 million people living betweenFlorida and
`Massachusetts, 5.2 million in the Mississippi Valley andtributaries, and around 700,000 peoplein the Florida peninsula.[471{*8]
`
` Cliff Palace, located in present-day a
`
`Colorado,wasbuilt by the Ancestral
`Puebloans between AD 1190 and
`zee.
`
`

`

`European setiements
`Furtherinformation: Colonial history of the United States
`Claims ofvery early colonization of coastal New England by the Norse are disputed and controversial. Thefirst documented arrival of Europeansin the continental United
`Statesis that of Spanish conquistadors such as Juan Ponce de Leén, who madehisfirst expedition to Florida in 1513.[#@t/on needed] The |talian explorer Giovanni da
`Verrazzano, sent by France to the New World in 1525, encountered native inhabitants of whatis now New York Bay.!°°) Even earlier, Christopher Columbushad landed in
`Puerto Rico on his 1493 voyage, and San Juan wassettled by the Spanish a decadelater.'51] The Spanish setupthefirst settlements in Florida and New Mexico, such as
`Saint Augustine, often considered the nation's oldestcity,!°41 and Santa Fe. The Frenchestablished their own settlements along the Mississippi River and Gulf of Mexico,
`notably New Orleans and Mobile[5*!
`Successful English settlementof the eastern coast of North America began with the Virginia Colony in 1607 at Jamestownandwith the Pilgrims' colony at Plymouthin
`
`ee ————1620{5411551 The continent'sfirst elected legislative assembly,Virginia's House of Burgesses, was founded in 1619. Harvard College wasestablishedin the Massachusetts
`
`
`iooa |
`Bay Colonyin 1636 asthe first Institution of highereducation. The Mayflower Compact and the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut established precedentsfor
`Massachusett2
`representative self-government and constitutionalism that would develop throughout the American colonies.467] Many English settlers were dissenting Christians who
`came seekingreligious freedom.In 1784, the Russians werethefirst Europeansto establish a settlementin Alaska, at Three Saints Bay.©*] The native population of
`America declined after Europeanarrival for various reasons,521l°ll5"! primarily from diseases such as smallpox and measles.!©21[°9]
`In the early days of colonization, many Europeansettlers experienced food shortages, disease, and conflicts with Native Americans, such as in King Philip's War. Native Americanswerealsooften fighting
`neighboring tribes and Europeansettlers. In many cases, however, the natives and settlers came to depend on eachother. Settlers traded for food and animal pelts; natives for guns, tools and other European
`goods[I Natives taught manysettlers to cultivate corn, beans, and other foodstuffs. European missionaries and others felt it was importantto "civilize" the Native Americans and urged them to adopt European
`agricultural practices andlifestyles.!9Il51 However, with the increased Europeancolonization of North America, Native Americans were displaced andoften killed during conflicts.{67]
`Europeansettlers also begantrafficking African slavesinto Colonial America via thetransatlantic slave trade.!°5] Because of a lower prevalenceoftropical diseases and better
`treatment, slaves had a muchhigherlife expectancy in North America than in South America, leading to a rapid increasein their numbers.[°ll7°l Colonial society waslargely
`divided overthe religious and moralimplications of slavery, and several colonies passed acts for or againstthe practice.!”‘I’2] However, by the turn of the 18th century, African
`slaves had supplanted Europeanindentured servants as cash crop labor, especially in the American South.|”)
`TheThirteen Colonies!!! that would becomethe United States of America were administered by the British as overseas dependencies.!”4] All nonetheless had local governments
`with elections open to most free men.!’5l Withvery highbirth rates, low death rates, and steady settlement,the colonial population grew rapidly, eclipsing Native American
`populations.!”4 The Christian revivalist movementof the 1730s and 1740s known asthe Great Awakeningfueled interest bothin religion andin religiousliberty.!”7)
`During the Seven Years' War (1756-1763), knownin the U.S. as the French and Indian War, British forces captured Canada from the French. With the creation of the Province of
`Quebec, Canada's francophone population would remain isolated from the English-speaking colonial dependencies of Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and the Thirteen Colonies.
`Excluding the Native Americans wholived there, the Thirteen Colonies had a population of over 2.1 million in 1770, abouta third that of Britain. Despite continuing newarrivals, the
`rate of natural increase was such that by the 1770s only a small minority ofAmericans had been born overseas.!"*! The colonies’distance from Britain had allowed the
`developmentofself-government, but their unprecedented success motivated British monarchsto periodically seek to reassert royal authority.!79)
`Independence and early expansion
`Main article: History of the United States (1789-1849)
`Further information: American Revolution and Territorial evolution ofthe United States
`The American Revolution separated the Thirteen Colonies from the British Empire, and wasthefirst successful war of independence by a non-Europeanentity against a
`European powerin modernhistory. By the 18th century the American Enlightenmentandthepolitical philosophiesofliberalism were pervasive amongleaders. Americans
`beganto develop an ideology of "republicanism", asserting that government rested on the consent of the governed. They demandedtheir "rights as Englishmen"and "no
`taxation without representation"[@*ton needed] The British insisted on administering the colonies through a Parliamentthat did not have a single representative responsible
`for any American constituency, and the conflict escalated into war.)
`In 1774, the First Continental Congress passed the Continental Association, which mandateda colonies-wide boycott of British goods. The American Revolutionary War
`beaanthefollowing year, catalyzed by eventslike the Stamp Act and the Boston Tea Party that were rootedin colonial disagreementwith British governance.[ation needed]
`
`
`
`The onginal Thirteen
`we {shown mired)
`
`
`
`

`

`a
`Declaration of Independence, a
`painting by John Trumbull, depicts the
`CommitteeofFivel™presenting the
`draft of the Declaration to the
`Continental Congress, June 28,1776,
`in Philadelphia.
`
`The Second Continental Congress, an assembly representing the United Colonies, unanimously adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776 (annually
`celebrated as Independence Day).!®"] In 1781, the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union established a decentralized governmentthat operated until 1789.54]. 4
`celebrated early turn in the warfor the Americans was George Washington leading the charge to cross the frozen Delaware Riverin a surprise overnightattack on
`Christmas 1775. Anothervictory at the Battle of Saratoga resulted in the capture ofa British army contingent, and led to France and Spain joining in the waragainstthe
`British. After the surrender of a second British armyat the Siege of Yorktown in 1781, Britain signed a peace treaty. American sovereignty becameinternationally
`recognized, and the new nation was granted substantialterritory eastof the Mississippi River, from whatis today Canadain the north and Floridain the south,°"9%07 7eedeq]
`As it becameincreasingly apparentthat the Confederation wasinsufficient to govern the new country, nationalists advocated for and led the Philadelphia Convention of 1787in writing the United States
`Constitution to replace it, ratified in state conventions in 1788. Going into force in 1789, this constitution reorganized the governmentinto a federation administered by three equal branches (executive,judicial and
`legislative), on the principle of creating salutary checks and balances. George Washington, who hadled the Continental Army to victory, was thefirst president elected under the new constitution. The Bill of
`Rights, forbidding federalrestriction of personal freedoms and guaranteeing a rangeoflegal protections, was adopted in 1791 [2] Tensions with Britain remained, however, leading to the Warof 1812, which was
`fought to a draw.!®9)
`Although the federal government outlawed Americanparticipation in the Atlantic slave trade in 1807, after 1820, cultivation of the highly profitable cotton crop exploded in the Deep South, and along withit, the use
`of slave labor.[*4I[5II®4] The Second Great Awakening, especially in the period 1800-1840, converted millions to evangelical Protestantism.
`In the North, it energized multiple social reform movements,including
`abolitionism;!87] in the South, Methodists and Baptists proselytized amongslave populations.{®*
`In the late 18th century, Americansettlers began to expand further westward, some of them with a sense of manifest destiny. The 1803 Louisiana Purchase almost doubled
`the nation's area/®°] Spain ceded Florida and other Gulf Coastterritory in 1819,the Republic of Texas was annexed in 1845 during a period of expansionism,°"] and the
`1846 Oregon Treaty with Britain led to U.S. control of the present-day American Northwest_£2! Adqitionally, the Trail ofTears in the 1830s exemplified the Indian removal
`policythat forcibly resettled Indians. This further expanded acreage under mechanicalcultivation, increasing surplusesforinternational markets. This prompted a long
`series ofAmerican Indian Wars westof the Mississippi River from 1810to at least 1890.!°°] and eventually, conflict with Mexico.'°“! Mostof these conflicts ended with the
`cession of Native Americanterritory and their confinementto Indian reservations. Victory in the Mexican—American Warresulted in the 1848 Mexican Cessionof California
`and muchofthe present-day American Southwest, and the U.S. spanned the continent.5I[°l The California Gold Rush of 1848-1849 spurred migration to the Pacific
`coast, whichled to the California Genacidel®”! andthe creation of additional westem states.°l Economic development was spurred bygiving vast quantities of land, nearly
`10% ofthe total area of the United States, to white Europeansettlers as part of the HomesteadActs, as well as making land grantsto private railroad companies and
`colleges.!"! Prior to the Civil War, the prohibition or expansionofslavery into theseterritories exacerbated tensions overthe debate around abolitionism. After the American
`Civil War, new transcontinentalrailways made relocation easierfor settlers, expandedinternal trade, and increased conflicts with Native Americans.!10°]
`Civil War and Reconstruction era
`Main article: History of the United States (1849-1865)
`Further information: American Civil Warand Reconstruction era
`See also: Lost Cause of the Confederacy
`Inreconcilable sectional conflict regarding the enslavementofAfricans and African Americansultimately led to the American Civil War.!'°"l with the 1860 election of
`Republican Abraham Lincoln, conventionsin eleven slave states declared secession and formed the Confederate States of America, while the federal government(the
`"Union") maintained that secession was unconstitutional andillegal.!'°! On April 12, 1861, the Confederacy initiated military conflict by bombarding Fort Sumter, a federal
`garrison in Charleston harbor, South Carolina. This would be the sparkofthe Civil War, which lasted for four years (1861-1865) and becamethe deadliestmilitary conflict
`in Americanhistory. The war would result in the deaths of approximately 620,000 soldiers from both sides and upwardsof 50,000 civilians, almostall of them in the
`South.[105]
`Reconstruction beganin earnestfollowing the war. While President Lincoln attemptedto fosterfriendship and forgiveness between the Union and the former Confederacy,
`a
`Statusof the states, 1864
`IB Slavestates that seceded before
`his assassination on April 14, 1865 drove a wedge between North and South again. Republicansin the federal government madeit their goal to oversee the rebuilding of
`April 15, 1861
`the South andto ensurethe rights ofAfrican Americans. They persisted until the Compromise of 1877, when the Republicans agreed to ceaseprotecting the rights of
`El Slavestates that seceded after
`African Americans in the South in order for Democrats to concede the presidential election of 1876. Southern white Democrats,calling themselves "Redeemers", took
`April 15, 1861
`control of the South after the end of Reconstruction, beginning the nadir of Americanrace relations. From 1890 to 1910, the Redeemers established so-called Jim Crow ee eacoreeeeney
`
`
`
`Territorial acqusiionsior the Uniéd:
`States between 1783 and 1917
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`
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`

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`laws, disenfranchising most blacks and some impoverished whites throughout the region. Blacks would face racial segregation nationwide, especially in the South."04!
`Theyalso occasionally experiencedvigilante violence, including lynching,!"05]
`Further immigration, expansion, and industrialization
`Main article: History of the United States (1865-1912)
`Further information: Economic history ofthe United States, immigration to the United States, and Technological and industrial history ofthe United States
`In the North, urbanization and an unprecedentedinflux of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe supplied a surplus of labor for the country's industrialization and
`transformedits culture.!"°71 Nationalinfrastructure, including telegraph and transcontinental railroads, spurred economic growth and greater settlement and developmentof
`the American Old West. Thelaterinvention ofelectric light and the telephone would also affect communication and urbanlife.!1°°)
`Mainland expansion also included the purchaseof Alaska from Russia in 1867.!195l In 1893, pro-American elements in Hawaii overthrew the Hawaiian monarchy and
`formed the Republic of Hawaii, which the U.S. annexed in 1898. Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines were ceded by Spain in the same year, following the Spanish—
`American War.!"1°l american Samoa was acquired by the United States in 1900after the end of the Second Samoan Civil War!""] The U.S.Virgin Islands were purchased
`
`(borderstates)
`
`HB unionstates that banned slavery
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`Territories
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`from Denmark in 1917.[1121 Film by Edison Studios showing
`
`Rapid economic developmentduring the late 19th and early 20th centuries fostered the rise of many prominentindustrialists. Tycoonslike Cornelius Vanderbilt, John D.
`a
`immigrants disembarking at Ellis Island|Rockefeller, and Andrew Carnegie led the nation's progressin the railroad, petroleum, and steelindustries. Banking became a majorpart of the economy, with J. P. Morgan
`in New York Harbor, which served as a
`playing a notable role. The American economy boomed, becoming the world's largest.["18] These dramatic changes were accompanied by growing inequality and social
`major entry point for European
`unrest, which promptedthe rise of organized labor along with populist,socialist, and anarchist movements.!""“] This period eventually ended with the adv