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`Keyword spotting
`
`From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`
`Keyword spotting (or more simply, word spotting) is a problem that was historically first defined in
`the context of speech processing [1][2]. In speech processing, keyword spotting deals with the
`identification of keywords in utterances.
`
`Keyword spotting is also defined as a separate, but related, problem in the context of document image
`processing [1]. In document image processing, keyword spotting is the problem of finding all instances of
`a query word that exist in a scanned document image, without fully recognizing it.
`In speech processing
`
`The first works in keyword spotting appeared in the late 1980s [2].
`
`There are several types of keyword spotting:
`
`◾ Keyword spotting in unconstrained speech
`◾ Keyword spotting in isolated word recognition
`
`Keyword spotting in unconstrained speech appears when keywords may not be separated from other
`words, and no grammar is enforced on the sentence containing them. Some algorithms used for this task
`are:
`
`◾ Sliding window and garbage model
`◾ K-best hypothesis
`◾ Iterative Viterbi decoding
`
`Keyword spotting in isolated word recognition appears when the keywords are separated from other
`texts by silences. The main technique that applied in such problems is dynamic time warping.
`In document image processing
`
`Keyword spotting in document image processing can be seen as an instance of the more generic problem
`of content-based image retrieval (CBIR). Given a query, the goal is to retrieve the most relevant
`instances of words in a collection of scanned documents [1]. The query may be a text string (Query-by-
`string keyword spotting) or a word image (Query-by-example keyword spotting).
`References
`
`1. Giotis, A.P; Sfikas, G.; Gatos, B.; Nikou, C. (2017). "A survey of document image word spotting
`techniques". Pattern Recognition. 68: 310–332.
`2. Rohlicek, J.; Russell, W.; Roukos, S.; Gish, H. (1989). "Continuous hidden Markov modeling for speaker-
`independent word spotting". Proceedings of the 14th IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech,
`and Signal Processing (ICASSP). 1: 627–630.
`
`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyword_spotting
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`6/29/2017
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`Ex. 2002 (1/2)
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`Keyword spotting - Wikipedia
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`Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keyword_spotting&oldid=784946710"
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`Categories: Pattern recognition
`
`◾ This page was last edited on 10 June 2017, at 20:11.
`◾ Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms
`may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a
`registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
`
`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyword_spotting
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`6/29/2017
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`Ex. 2002 (2/2)
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