Pathloss-Aided Closed Loop Transmit Power Contro
`'
`for 3G UTRA TDD
`
`Sung-Hyuk Shin, Chang-Soo K00. Donald Grieco, and Ariela Zeira
`
`InterDigital Communications Corp.
`2 Huntington Quadrangle
`Melville, NY. 11747, U.S.A.
`E-mail: sshin@interdigital.com
`
`'
`
`
`
`Abstract — In JG UTRA TDD, closed loop power control is used
`as an inner loop power control technique for downlink DPCHs
`(dedicated physical channels) in the 3.84 Mcps option, and both
`uplink and downlink DPCHs in the 1.28 Mcps option. In the
`current closed loop power control, transmit power is generally
`updated at the frame/sub-frame rate, using a semi-static step size '
`(1,2, or 3 dB). Such a slow transmit power update by a given step
`size may not be enough to cope with dynamically changing
`environments, so that the performance of the closed loop power
`control
`is degraded.
`In this paper, we propose an enhanced
`closed loop power control
`technique for UTRA TDD, which
`adapts the step size according to relative pathloss (or power)
`measurements at the transmitter side. We show that the link-level
`performance of the proposed power control can be significantly
`better than the existing closed loop power control. The largest
`gains are obtained for slow and moderate fading channels.
`
`I.
`
`INTRODUCTION
`
`3G UTRA TDD (Third Generation UMTS Terrestrial Radio
`Access Time Division Duplex) uses a hybrid time division and
`code division multiple access scheme. In TDD, multiple user
`communications are sent over a shared frequency spectrum in
`both uplink and downlink. As
`specified in
`the 3GPP
`specifications [1], UTRA TDD consists of two options: 3.84
`Mcps option and 1.28 Mcps option, For DPCHs (Dedicated
`Physical Channels)
`in both options, quality based transmit
`power control is used as a link adaptation method, such that it
`adjusts the transmit power of the DPCHs in order to achieve a
`desired quality of service with minimum transmit power, thus
`limiting the interference level
`in the system. The transmit
`power control can be divided into two processes operating in
`parallel:
`inner
`loop power control and outer
`loop power
`control. The inner loop is to keep the received SIR (Signal-to—
`Interference Ratio) of DPCHs as close as possible to a target
`SIR value. The outer loop sets the target SIR for the inner loop,
`based on quality estimates like BLER (Block Error Rate) ofthe
`transport channel(s) associated with the DPCHs. In [10], an
`outer loop algorithm is discussed. Here we focus on the inner
`loop power control. One scheme to implement the inner loop
`power control
`is an SIR—based closed loop power control
`applied to downlink DPCHs for the 3.84 Mcps option and both
`uplink and downlink DPCHs for the 1.28 Mcps option. The
`current TDD closed loop power Control typically operates at a
`
`O-7803-7757-5/03/Sl7.00 ©2003 IEEE:
`
`2226
`
`I
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1014
`Page 1
`
`
`
`frequency of 100 Hz and 200 Hz in the 3.84 Mcps option are
`1.28 Mcps option, respectively. When channel conditions .
`~
`highly dynamic, the closed loop power control with the ra
`slow power control update rate for the UTRA TDD may not .1;
`able to cope with the dynamic channel conditions fast enou
`As a result, the performance of the closed loop power contra
`will be degraded. Accordingly it is highly desirable to develo
`a power control algorithm being capable of fast adapting to
`channel conditions. In [2],
`it was shown that the performanc
`of downlink closed loop power control could be improved b ‘=
`signaling the difference between measured SIR and target SIR‘
`In this paper we present an enhanced closed inner loop .
`power
`control
`technique
`for
`the UTRA TDD,
`called;
`“Patliloss-aided closed loop transmit power control”.
`It >
`exploits the UTRA TDD characteristics: channel reciprocity
`between uplink and downlink and usage of a
`training
`sequence at a fixed transmit power level within specific -
`timeslots like P-CCPCH (Primary—Common Control Physical
`Channel) [3]. Multi-path propagation conditions are discussed '
`based on the 3GPP standard [7].
`In addition,
`link—level
`simulations are carried out over the various multi—path fading ’_
`conditions, in order to evaluate the current closed loop power
`control and proposed scheme.
`
`II. UTRA TDD INNER LOOP POWER CONTROL
`
`
`The inner loop power control schemes for DPCI—Is in UTRA i.
`TDD fall
`into two categories: open loop power control and
`closed loop power control.
`
`A Open loop power control
`
`received power
`the
`uses
`control
`loop power
`Open
`measurement ofa reference channel which is transmitted on a
`regular basis with known transmit power. In 3.84 Mcps TDD,
`uplink dedicated physical channels are dynamically power
`controlled by open loop control
`[4]. P-CCPCH (or other
`beacon channels) is used for the pathloss measurement.
`In
`addition to the pathloss estimate, the UE uses power—control
`related parameters to determine the transmit power required to
`achieve the target quality. The parameters are signaled by the
`UTRAN and include the uplink interference,
`the target SIR
`from the outer loop, a weighting factor. and a constant value.
`
`
`
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1014
`Page 1
`
`

`

`
`
`Due to the channel reciprocity between downlink and uplink
`
`in UTRA TDD, the open loop control is capable of tracking
`
`propagation channel variations. In particular when the delay
`between the power-controlled transmissron and the pathloss
`
`measurement
`is small,
`the open loop control can quickly
`
`compensate for fading channels. The drawback of the open
`
`100p control
`is that
`It
`IS affected by errors in the absolute
`
`wer level measurement and power setting [5]. The errors are
`
`caused mainly due to the non linear RF amplifier
`in the
`
`transmitter and receiver. However some of the errors can be
`compensated by using an outer loop power control [6].
`
`
`B, Closed loop power control
`
`feedback
`use of
`control makes
`loop power
`Closed
`
`signaled from the
`information, called “TPC command",
`
`receiving Station of the communication link. The closed loop
`
`is employed for downlink dedicated physical channels in 3.84
`
`Mcps TDD and both uplink and downlink dedicated physical
`
`channels in 1.28 Mcps TDD.
`In both TDD options,
`the
`
`receiving station generates TPC commands indicating either
`
`“power up” or “power down" according to comparison
`
`between SIR measurement of dedicated channels and a target
`SIR value. At
`the transmitting station, depending on the
`
`received TPC command,
`the transmit power of dedicated
`
`physical channels is adjusted by a pre—defined step size taking
`
`the value of 1, 2, 3 dB. For a given closed loop power
`
`controlled link, the step size is a CCTrCH (Coded Composite
`Transport Channel) specific parameter and semi-static.
`
`In UTRA TDD, the closed loop power control is performed
`
`on a CCTrCH basis such that the individual TPC command is
`paired with at least one power controlled CCTrCH. Pairing of
`
`TPC command(s)
`and power controlled CCTrCH(s)
`is
`
`determined by the RNC (Radio Network Controller) and
`
`signaled to the UE and NodeB. In general,
`the closed loop
`
`power update rates per CCTrCH in 3.84 Mcps TDD and 1.28
`
`Mcps TDD are 100 Hz and 200 Hz, respectively, which are
`
`slow compared to 1500 Hz in UTRA FDD. Furthermore,
`in
`
`the case that either the power controlled link transmission or
`
`the TPC command carrying link transmission is paused, the
`closed loop power control operates at a further slower rate.
`
`Due to the use of a fixed step size and the slow update rate
`
`for the closed loop power control in UTRA TDD, a short—term
`dynamic range of the transmission power step would be
`
`limited. Table 1 shows the maximum transmission power step
`
`range after receiving 5 TPC commands, which is given by the
`
`standard [7]. Here a TPC command group is a set of TPC
`
`command values derived from a corresponding sequence of
`TPC commands of the same duration.
`
`Table 1. Closed loop power control range in UTRA TDD
`
`
`
`Step size
`
`Transmitter power control range after
`
`n
`5 equal TPC command groups
`
`
`
`+12 <=P<:+18 -18‘<: P<= -12
`
`2227
`
`III. MODELING OF PROPAGATION CONDITIONS
`
`is assumed that for the performance analysis of UTRA
`It
`TDD power
`control
`schemes we
`consider propagation
`conditions for multi-path fading environments such that the
`average power level ofcach propagation channel case is equal
`to zero in dB. The rationale for this assumption is that
`the
`inner loop power control schemes used for UTRA TDD (FDD
`as well) can fairly well overcotne slow fading propagation
`conditions [8]. In particular we focus here on the multi-path
`propagation conditions specified in the 3GPP standard [7].
`Note that
`the performance requirements in the standard are
`specified under multi-path fading conditions. Table 2 shows
`examples of such propagation conditions. All
`taps have
`classical Doppler spectrum. Figure 1 shows channel power
`patterns for the Case 1 channel and ITU Vehicular A channel
`(VA 30) with 30km/h, respectively.
`It
`is observed that
`the
`channel power can considerably fluctuate by 20 — 30 (18,
`depending on the propagation condition.
`In addition, Table 3 presents the statistics of channel power
`difference
`in dB between consecutive
`10 msec
`spaced
`intervals. It should be noted that in 3.84 Mcps TDD the closed
`loop power control update occurs every 10 msec (per frame)
`in a normal operation mode. We see that the statistics of the
`channel power difference are different with different channel
`conditions. This indicates that the current TDD closed loop
`power control using a fixed step size can be enhanced by
`adapting step size according to channel variations.
`
`Table 2. Examples of propagation conditions for multi-
`
`path fading environments
`
`
`
`Case 1
`Case 2
`
`
`
`
`
`Sfied 3 km/h
`Speed 3km/h
`
`Relative
`Relative
`Relative
`
`
`Mean
`Mean
`Delay
`
`
`
`
`Power [dBPower [dB]ns]
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`ITU Vehicular A
`ITU Pedestrian A
`
`
`
`Speed 3km/h (PA3)
`Speed 30km/h (VA30)
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`—9.0
`
`
`——-m--m-
`
`
`—_—
`
`
`
`Table 3. Statistics ofchannel power difference between
`consecutive 10 msec spaced intervals
` Propagation
` Mean (dB)
`Variance (dB)
`condition
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1014
`Page 2
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1014
`Page 2
`
`

`

`
`
`a
`
`l
`t
`.
`-10 ******* I""""" 1““““““ r """"""" ‘ ’
`I
`t
`r
`
`4;
`
`.15 .
`
`-20
`
`.25
`
`0
`
`.
`r
`l
`t
`l
`
`v
`
`1
`r
`0.2
`
`I
`:
`l
`t
`t
`
`e
`:
`I
`|
`0.4
`
`Second
`
`l
`,t
`I
`t
`I
`
`1;.
`:
`.
`1
`0.6
`
`_
`4 Case 1
`‘
`
`VA30
`,fi
`0.8
`
`1
`
`Figure l. Power in dB of multi-path fading channels
`
`IV. PATHLOSS AIDED CLOSED LOOP
`POWER CONTROL
`
`In this section, we propose an enhanced closed loop power
`control scheme for UTRA TDD, which enables the transmitter
`to autonomously vary the step size in accordance to channel
`variations. By using the downlink/uplink channel reciprocity
`in UTRA TDD, relative pathloss measurements are used by
`the transmitter
`to estimate the variations. The proposed
`scheme can be described as follows:
`
`P(k) =P(k— 1)+A,,C(bm.(k), mum)
`
`(l)
`
`where P(k) is the transmit power level in dBm at the k'h power
`update. ATpc(bTI)C(/(), APLflt)) represents the power control
`step size in dB as ajoint function of two variables, bndk) and
`APL(k), denoting the transmit power control (TPC) command
`and relative pathloss estimate, respectively, for the k‘h power
`update. For simplicity of notation let us use brpcflt’ )= l for
`“power up” and prC(k) = -l for “power down”. The relative
`pathloss estimate, APL(k), is determined by
`
`mm = (aLtk)+(1—a)Lo(/c>)—
`(aLtk —1)+(1—a)Lo<k — 1))
`
`2
`
`(
`
`)
`
`where L(k) is the most recent available pathloss estimate in dB
`before the k‘h power update. It is assumed that the pathloss
`measurement
`is based on a reference channel with known
`transmit power,
`for example, P—CCPCH (or other beacon
`channels)
`used
`in UTRA TDD. Here
`the
`pathloss
`measurement
`is
`implemented by subtracting in dB the
`received measured P—CCPCH power from the reference P-
`CCPCH transmit power. L,,(k)
`is
`the
`long-term average
`pathloss in dB. 0561 St
`is a weighting factor, which may be
`determined according to radio channel condition and the
`delay, expressed in timeslots, between the reference P—CCPCH
`timeslot and the power controlled timeslot(s).
`It should be
`
`.l
`.
`
`
`)AmtkhtmuuilAmtk)='~A 3
`lawman. [AmmaAPukfli
`
`
`Figure 2. Flowchart of step size determination for the proposed
`closed loop power control
`
`
`Since in the proposed scheme the transmitter varies the step
`size autonomously,
`the proposed scheme does not require
`additional
`feedback signaling bandwidth, as compared with.
`[2]. However a reference physical channel
`is necessary for
`changing the step size. Taking into account the current 30
`standards,
`the proposed scheme can be applied to uplink
`DPCHs for UTRA TDD and TD-SCDMA (Time Division-
`Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access) [I I].
`
`V. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
`
`In this section, performance analysis of the current closed
`loop power control and proposed scheme is provided based on
`link-level
`simulations over various propagation channels.
`Table 4 lists the link-level simulation assumptions. Figure 3
`depicts
`the
`timeslot
`configuration
`considered
`for
`the
`simulations.
`
`2228
`
`;
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1014
`Page 3
`
`
`
`
`
`noted that although absolute pathloss measurement genwtl j;
`suffers from a systematic measurement error, the error can ,"
`eliminated when relative pathloss measurements are used,
`.
`
`Figure 2 provides a flowchart of step srze determination
`possjn'
`the
`transmitter. This
`is
`an
`example of
`a
`implementation of Equation (1). As a response to the reCeiy
`TPC command,
`the
`transmitter does either
`increase :
`
`decrease its transmit power level, as in the current closed [0.3,
`
`power control. However the step size for the power adjustm...
`
`with the proposed scheme is varied based on the relati
`'
`pathloss estimate.
`In case where the channel varies in g
`
`direction opposite to the corresponding TPC command Suc
`
`that bym'flt) : l and APL(k)<0 or br,»c(k) = -l and APL(k)>n
`
`the transmit power is adjusted by a minimum step size, Am
`:3
`For
`the sake of simplicity,
`integer—valued step sizes
`.
`considered here.
`
`
`
`
`
`Start
`
`Estirrate
`relative pathloss
`
`
`
`
`
`FT"
`Receive
`TPC oomnand
`
`
`
`l l
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1014
`Page 3
`
`

`

`1
`
`l
`
`1
`
`it appears that as the propagation
`From Figure 4 and 5,
`conditions dynamically vary in time, the proposed scheme is
`capable of adapting to the channel variations by adaptively
`changing the step size.
`the proposed scheme
`that
`shows
`Similarly, Figure
`6
`outperforms the current closed loop using any fixed step size
`in Case 2 channel. Figure 7 presents the performance results
`over lTU vehicular A channel with a speed of 30 km/h. From
`the figure, it is Observed that the performance ofthe proposed
`scheme is better than that ofthe current scheme. In addition, it
`can be seen that
`in the case of the current scheme,
`the
`petfonnancc \\ ith 1 dB 3th size is bette1 than with 2 and 3 dB
`step sizes respectively. Note however
`that
`the type of
`p1opagation channel
`is not known at
`the transmitter so in
`addition to adapting to the variations in channel conditions,
`the proposed scheme adapts to changes in the propagation
`environment, i.e. whether the conditions reflect Case 1, 2 or 3,
`or any other propagation model.
`
`01'
`
`Probability
`
`.,0.088'
`
`o E
`
`1
`
`z_.i__11
`
`iii..__:
`
`-6
`
`8
`
`1O 12
`
`—2
`-4
`Relative pathloss in dB
`Figure 4. Distribution of relative pathloss in dB in Case 1
`
`
`
`J—- Propowd rretl'od
`
`
`
`Blockerrorrate
`
`2
`
`4
`
`6
`
`77174”
`1'2
`"1'0
`8
`Average transm't power in dBm
`
`"16’
`
`18
`
`Figure 5. Block e110r rate \5. T\ po“er (dBm) for the existing
`closed loop TPC and proposed closed loop TPC under Case ]
`
`
`
`
`0-
`
`12 -10 -8
`
`1
`
`
`
` 512 bits
`
`Assumption/E_x_planation
`3.84 McK
`
`Table 4. List oflink—level simulation assumptions
`
`Cl“
`Number of Information
`data bits per transpon
`
`
`channel
`d
`
`Power u date rate
`100 Hz (10 msec p_er update)
`
`Number of codes and
`7 codes and 1 timeslot per
`
`frame
`timeslots allocated to
`
`wer controlled channel
` Turbo coding with 4 turbo
`
`decoding iterations and Max—
`
`Channel coding
`lo MAP for SISO decoder
`
`0 %
`Puncturin rate
`
`Modulation
`Channel estimation
`
`
`
`
`QP_SK
`Ideal
`MMSE multi-user detector
`
`MID)
`Off
`Off
`
`Case 1, Case 2, and VA 30
`5 %
`
`
`
`(N1)"‘frame———>l<——— Nmframe
`
`T3 T8 TS ________
`
`T8 T8 T8 T8 T8
`
`#1
`
`#2
`
`#8
`
`#14 #15 #1
`
`
`#2 .113
`
`________
`
`T8
`
`#14
`
`T8
`
`#15
`
`
`
`Power controlled timeslot
`
`
`
`|:| TPC mnmand carrying timeslot
`
`I] Reference channel (P—CCPCH) timeslot
`
`Figure 3. Timeslot configuration for power control simulations
`
`
`The simulation results are summarized in Figures 5—7.
`Figures 5-6 are for mobile speed of 3km/h, while Figure 7 is
`
`for 30 km/h. Note that UTRA TDD is typically intended for
`
`applications in pico and micro cell environments with high
`
`density traffic and indoor coverage [9],
`implying low or
`
`moderate mobile speed environments. Figure 5 shows that in
`
`the existing closed loop using a
`fixed step size,
`the
`
`perfonnance with a large step size (2 dB or 3 dB) is better than
`
`With the 1 dB step size under Case 1 channel. Under the same
`
`Channel condition,
`the proposed pathloss aided closed loop
`
`power control provides a significant gain (more than 3 dB at
`
`BLER ofO. 01) ove1 the enirent closed loop using an optimal
`
`step size for the given channel. The peiformance advantage of
`
`the proposed power control scheme may be illust1ated by
`
`Figure 4 presenting a sample distribution function of relati\e
`
`Pathloss estimate reflecting the channel characterizing Case 1.
`
`
`
`7079
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1014
`Page 4
`#—_—r
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1014
`Page 4
`
`

`

`
`
`Proposed method
`
`,,,,,,,,,,,,, J z _
`,,,,,,,
`Step size = 1 dB
`
`Step size= 2 dB
`Sig: size = 3 dB
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Blockerrorrate
`
`Average transmit power in dBm
`
`10
`
`Figure 6. Block error rate vs. Tx power (dBm) for the existing
`closed loop TPC and proposed closed loop TPC under Case 2
` o
`1
`',
`,
`1
`
`Step size = 2 dB
`~:;~ Step size :1 dB F
`
`Step size = 3 dB
`, Proposed method l
`
`2
`
`'4
`
`10
`6
`8
`Axe-rage transmit power in dBm
`
`14
`
`Figure 7. Block error rate vs. Tx power (dBm) for the existing
`closed loop TPC and proposed closed loop TPC under VA30
`
`VI. CONCLUSIONS
`
`In this paper, we have discussed the closed loop power
`control
`in UTRA TDD and proposed an enhanced (pathloss
`aided) closed loop power control
`scheme. The proposed
`scheme utilizes channel
`reciprocity and relative pathloss
`measurement to determine the power control step size, so that
`it can cope with rapid channel changes.
`We studied the propagation channels specified in the
`standard and presented link level simulation results for the
`proposed power
`control
`scheme
`covering the various
`propagation channels. The simulation results show that the
`proposed closed loop power control
`scheme can offer
`substantial gains in the required transmit power over the
`current UTRA TDD closed loop power control scheme These
`gains
`lead to significant
`improvements
`in TDD system
`capacity, in particular for slow and moderate fading channels.
`
`2230
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1014
`Page 5
`
`3,
`
`oi
`
`
`
`Blockerrorrate
`
`N 10
`
`[1]
`l2]
`
`[3]
`
`[4]
`
`[5]
`
`[6]
`
`
`
`REFERENCES
`
`l_l__ll_p_2\\\i.\‘__a£LP~P~gng
`J. Kurjenniemi, O. Lelitinen, and T. Ristaniemi, ”Sigiialed,,§;
`size fol (Iounlin/r pone) CON/[OI oft/admitted channels in U ' "
`TDD," Proc. Mobile and Wireless Communications Nth
`2002 4'h international Workshop, 2002.
`~
`JGPP Technical Specification 25. 22], “Plivsicul channels a'-
`mapping of tianspor! channels on p/iisicul Channels (TDD)
`
`‘ ‘
`version 5 3 0., December 2002.
`25.224,
`JGPP Technical
`Specification
`“P/ivsical L j.
`Procedure (TDD),” version 5.3.0., December 2002.
`J. Kurjenniemi, S. Hamalainen and T. Ristaniemi,
`”Up”; 1‘
`Power Control
`in UTRA TDD," Proc.
`Int.
`Conference 1:,-
`_
`
`
`
`
`Communications, Helsinki, 2001.
`InterDigital Communications Corp. "TSGRl#5(99)576: 13-.
`Regarding Open Loop Schemes for Up/ink Ponr'er Control
`TDD," TSG—RAN WGl Meeting #5, Jeju, Korea, June 1999,
`
`-‘
`
`.
`
`unrl Reception (TDD)," version 5. 3 0 December 2002.
`Hani Holma and Amti Toskala, “‘WCDMA fin UMTS,’ Wiley
`2001.
`
`M. Haardt, A. Klein, S. R. Koehn, etc, “The TD- CDMA
`UTRA TDD Mode”,
`IEEE Journal
`011 Selected Areas if
`Communications, ml 18, Aug. 2000
`[10] C Koo, S. Shin, R. Difazio, D. Grieco, and A. Zcira, “Oule'
`Loop Power Control Using Channel-Adaptive Processing fi-
`30 il’-CDil/lA”, Proc. IEEE Vehicular Technology Conferenc'
`Jeju, Korea, April 2003.
`V
`[ll] CATT/China,
`“TD-SCDMA Radio Transmission Technologyf r
`[MT-2000,” June 1998.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1014
`Page 5
`
`

`

`..*7-‘6._‘-
`
`VTC 2003-Spring
`
`Technology Innovations for a Tetherless Planet
`
`
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1014
`Page 6
`
`

`

`
`
`
`
`Session 1A: Propagation/Channel Modeling 1— UWB
`
`Volume 1
`
`1. New Channel Impulse Response Model for UWB Indoor System Simulations ....................................................
`Alvaro Alvarez, ACORDE SA, Spain;
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`Gustavo Valera, Manuel Lobeira, Rafael Tones, Jose Luis Garcia, University ofCantabria, Spain
`2. A Wideband Dynamic Spatio-Temporal Markov Channel Model for Typical lndoor Propagation Environments ........ 6
`Chia—Chin Chong, David I. Laurenson, Stephen McLaughlin, University ofEdinburgh, UK
`3. Transmission Coefficients Measurement of Building Materials for UWB Systems in 3-10 GHz ............................... ll
`Ray-Rong Lao, Jenn-Hwan Tarng, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan;
`Chiuder Hsiao, National Space Program Office, Taiwan
`4. Analysis of the Energy Dynamic of UWB Signal in Multi-Path Environments .................................................... 15
`Yongfu Huang, Xiangning Fan, Jiang Wang, Guangguo Bi, Southeast University, China
`5. Major Characteristics of UWB lndoor Transmission for Simulation ...............................................................
`Michel Terré, Anton Hong, CNAM, France;
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`Gregoire Guiibé, Fabrice Legrand, Thales Communications, France
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`Session 1B: MIMO l—Capacity
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`1. Correlation Number: A New Design Criterion in Multi-Antenna Communication .............................................. 24
`Angel Lozano, Lucent Technologies, USA;
`Antonia M. Tulino, Universita Degli Studi di Napoli, Italy;
`Sergio Verdu, Princeton University, USA
`2. Direction of Arrival and Capacity Characteristics of an Experimental Broadband Mobile MlMO-OFDM System ...... 29
`Thomas P. Krauss, Timothy A. Thomas, Frederick W. Vook, Motorola Labs, USA
`3. The Effect of Horizontal Array Orientation on MIMO Channel Capacity ......................................................... 34
`Peter Almers, Telia Research AB, Sweden;
`Fredrik Tufvesson, Lund University, Sweden;
`Peter Karlsson, Telia Research AB, Sweden;
`Andreas F. Moliseh, Lund University, Sweden
`4. Analysis of Different Precoding/Decoding Strategies for Multiuser Beamforming ............................................... 39
`Holger Boche, Martin Schuben, Heinrich-Henz—Institut, Germany
`5. Capacity Autocorrelation Characteristic of MlMO Systems over Doppler Spread Channels .................................. 44
`Chunyan Gao, Ming Zhao, Shidong Zhou, Yan Yao, Tsinghua Univ, China
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`Session 1C: Space Time Coding 1
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`1. Multiple Trellis Coded Unitary Space-Time Modulation ......
`Zhenyu Sun, National University of Singapore, Singapore;
`Tjeng Thiang Tjhung, Institute for Communications Research, Singapore
`2. High Speed Wireless Date Transmission in Layered Space-Time Trellis Coded MlMO Systems .............................
`Runhua Chen, George Washington University, USA;
`Khaled Ben Letaicf, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
`3. Performance Evaluation of STTCs for Virtual Antenna Arrays ..................................
`Mischa Dohler, Bilal Rassool, Hamid Aghvami, King’s College London, UK
`4. A Design of Space-Time Trellis Code to Limit the Position of Received Symbols for MPSK ................................... 61
`Susu Jiang, Ryuji Kohno, Yokohama National University. Japan
`5. Fast Search Techniques for Obtaining Space-Time Trellis Codes for Rayleigh Fading Channels
`and Its Performance in CDMA Systems ........................................................................................ 66
`Bilal A. Rassool, F. Heliot, L. ‘Rc\/clly, M. Dohlcr, R. Nakhai, H. Aghvami, King's College London, UK
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`Session ID: Antenna (Smart Antenna) 1— Capacity
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`1. Erlang Capacity of Smart Antenna CDMA System Considering the Sector Operation ......................'................... 70
`111500 Koo, KJIST, Korea;
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`Seungchan Bang, Jeehwan Ahn, ETRI, Korea;
`Kiseon Kim, KJIST, Korea
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`2. On the Capacity of a Distributed Multiantenna System Using Cooperative Transmitters ...................................... 75
`Tobias J. Oechten'ng, Holger Boche, Technical University of Berlin, Germany
`3, Impact of the Base Station Antenna Beamwidth 011 Capacity in WCDMA Cellular Networks ................................ 80
`Jamo Niemela, Jukka Lempiainen, Tampere University ofTechnology, Finland
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`4. Capacity Comparison of Multi-element Antenna Systems ............................................................................. 85
`Wanjun Zhi, National University ofSingapore, Singapore;
`Francois Chin, Institute for Communications Research, Singapore;
`Chi Chung K0, National University of Singapore, Singapore
`5. Capacity Evaluation of Transmit Beamforming CDMA System with FER Prediction Method ................................ 89
`Cheol Yong Ahn, Young-Kwan Choi, Jin Kyu Han, Dong Ku Kim, Yonsei University, Korea
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`Session 1E: CDMA System 1
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`l. Information-Theoretic Sum Capacity of Reverse Link CDMA Systems ............................................................ 93
`Seong—Jun Oh, Aleksandar D. Damnjanovic, Anthony CK. Soong, Ericsson Wireless Communication Inc. USA
`2. A Novel WCDMA Uplink Capacity and Coverage Model Including the Impact of Non-Ideal Fast
`Power Control and Macro Diversity ........................................................................................................ 98
`Kimmo Hiltunen, Ericsson Research, Finland;
`Magnus Karlsson, Ericsson Research, Sweden
`3. On the Capacity of Air-Ground W-CDMA System (Downlink Analysis) ........................................................... 103
`Bazil Taha Ahmed, Miguel Calvo Ramon, Leandro Haro Ariet, UPM ETSI de Teleco1n., Spain
`4. On the Capacity and Interference Statistics of Street W-CDMA Cross-Shaped Micro Cells
`in Manhattan Environment (Uplink Analysis) ........................................................................................... 107
`Bazil Taha Ahmed, Miguel Calvo Ramon, Leandro Haro Ariet, UPM ETSI de Telecom, Spain
`5. Uplink and Downlink SIR Analysis for Base Station Placement .....................................................................
`Joseph K.L. Wong, Michael J. Neve, Kevin W. Sowerby, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
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`Session 1F: OFDM l —— OFCDM
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`1. Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Code Selection for Peak Power Reduction
`in Multi-Rate OFCDM Systems ............................................................................................................. 117
`Osamu Takyu, Keio University, Japan;
`Tomoaki Ohtsuki, Tokyo University of Science, Japan;
`Masao Nakagawa, Keio University, Japan
`2. OFCDM based Adaptive Modulation with Antenna Array in Fading Channels .................................................. 122
`Kapseok Chang, Youngnam Han, Infonnation and Communications University, Korea
`3. Variable Spreading Factor-OFCDM with Two Dimensional Spreading that Prioritizes Time
`Domain Spreading for Forward Link Broadband Wireless Access .
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`Noriyuki Maeda,Yoshil1isa Kishiyama, Hiroyuki Atarashi,Ma1n0m SawahashiNTTDoCoMo Inc. Japan
`4. Fast Cell Search Algorithm for System with Coexisting Cellular and Hot--Spot Cells Suitable
`for OFCDM Forward Link Broadband Wireless Access ............................................................................... 133
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`Motohiro Tanno, Hiroyuki Atarashi, Kenichi Higuchi, Mamom Sawahashi, NTT DoCoMo, Japan
`5. Investigation of Optimum Pilot Channel Structure for VSF-OFCDM Broadband
`Wireless Access in Forward Link ............................................................................................................ 139
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`Yoshihisa Kishiyama, Noriynki Maeda, Hiroyuki Atarashi, Mamoru Sawahashi, NTT DoCoMo Inc., Japan
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`Session 1G: TDMA System 1— Resouce Management
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`1. Traffic Control Algorithms for a Multi Access Network Scenario Comprising GPRS and UMTS ............................ 145
`Filippo Malavasi, Michele Breveglieri, Luca Vignali, Ericsson Telecomnnmicazioni, Italy;
`Paul Leaves, University of Surrey, UK;
`Jorg Huschkc, Ericsson Eurolab, Germany
`2. Optimization of Handover Margins in GSM/GPRS Networks ........................................................................ 150
`Matias Toril, University ot’Malaga, Spain;
`Salvador Pedraza, Ricardo Fen‘er, Volker Wille, Nokia Networks, Spain
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`3. Dimensioning ot'Signaling Capacity on a Cell Basis in GSM/GPRS ............................................................... 155
`Salvador Pedraza, Volker Wille, Nokia Networks, Spain;
`Matias Tori], University of Malaga, Spain;
`Ricardo Ferrer, Juan J. Escobar, Nokia Networks, Spain
`4. Modeling and Analysis ofCombined Mobility Management Based on Implicit Cell Update
`Scheme in General Packet Radio Service .................................................................................................. 160
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`Yun Won Chung, Dan Keun Sung, Korea Advanced Institute ot‘Scicnce and Technology, Korea
`5. Scalable Resource Allocation Algorithm for GPRS ...................................................................................... 165
`S. Tang, Rahim Tafazolli, University ofSurrey, UK
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`Session 1H: WLAN/Ad Hoc Network 1—— Multihop Network
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`1. Average Outage Duration of Multihop Communication Systems with Regenerative Relays .................................... 171
`Lin Yang, Mazen O. Hasna, Mohamed-Slim Alouini, University ofMinnesota, USA
`2. Time and Message Complexities of the Generalized Distributed Mobility-Adaptive
`Clustering (GDMAC) Algorithm in Wireless Multihop Networks ................................................................... 176
`Christian Bettstetter, Bastian Friedrich, Technische Universitat Munchen, Gennany
`3. An Analysis of Mobile Radio Ad Hoc Networks Using Clustered Archtectures ................................................... 181
`Mattias Skold, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Sweden;
`Yeongyoon Choi, Korea Military Academy, Korea;
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`Jan Nilsson, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Sweden
`4. Multi-step Increase of the Forwarding Zone for LAR Protocol in Ad Hoc Networks ............................................ 186
`F. De Range, University of Calabria, Italy;
`A. Iera, University of Reggio Calabria, Italy;
`A. Molinaro, S. Marano, University of Calabria, Italy
`5. Hybrid Gateway Advertisement Scheme for Connecting Mobile Ad Hoc Networks to the Internet .......................... 191
`JeongKeun Lee, Seoul National University, Korea;
`Dongkyun Kim, Kyungpook National University, Korae;
`J.J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves, University of California at Santa Cruz, USA;
`Yanghee Choi, Seoul National University, Korea;
`Jihyuk Choi, Sangwoo Nam, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Korea
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`Poster Session 1: Propagation/Channel Modeling
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`1. Propagation Model for the WLAN Service at the Campus Environments ......................................................... 196
`Ki Hong Kim, Jung Ha Kim, Young Joong Yoon, Yonsei University, Korea;
`Jae Ho Seok, Jae Woo Lim, RRL, Korea
`2. A Study of 2.3GHz bands Propagation Characteristic Measured in Korea ........................................................ 201
`Ho-Kyung Son, ETRI, Korea;
`Geun-Sik Bae, Agency for Defense Development, Korea;
`Hung-Soc Lee, ETRI, Korea
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`3. Application of Isolated Diffraction Edge (IDE) Method for Urban Microwave Path Loss Prediction ........................ 205
`Hyun Kyu Chung, ETRI, Korea;
`Henry L. Bertoni, Polytechnic University, USA
`4. A Quadrant-Based Range Location Method .............................................................................................. 210
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`Qun Wan, Shen-Jian Liu, Feng—Xiang Ge, Jing Yuan, Ying-Ning Peng, Tsinghua University, China;
`Wan-Lin Yang, University ot‘Electronic Science and Technology ot‘China, China
`5. DOA Estimator for Multiple Coherently Distributed Sources with Symmetric Angular Distribution ....................... 213
`Qun Wan, Shen-Jian Liu, Feng-Xiang Ge, Jing Yuan, Ying-Ning Peng, Tsinghua University, China;
`Wan-Lin Yang, University of Electronic Science and Technology ofChina, China
`6. A Generic Channel Model in Multi-cluster Environments ............................................................................ 217
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`Yifan Chen, Vimal K. Dubey, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
`7. On th