OVER
`10,000
`ENTRIES
`
`Microsoft
`
`
`
`Computer
`D ictiona ry
`Fifth Ed iti ong-
`
`° Fully updated with the latest
`technologies, terms, and acronyms
`
`9 Easy to read, expertly illustrated
`
`° Definitive coverage of hardware,
`software, the Internet, and more!
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1008 - Page 1
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1008 - Page 1
`
`

`

`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052—6399
`
`Copyright © 2002 by Microsoft Corporation
`
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
`or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`
`Library of Congress Control Number: 2002019714
`
`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further informa-
`tion about international editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office or contact Microsoft
`Press International directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Web site at www.rrticrosoft.corrtlmspress.
`Send comments to mspinput®microsaflcom
`
`Active Desktop, Active Directory, ActiveMovie, ActiveStore, ActiveSync, ActiveX, Authenticcde,
`BackOffice, BizTalk, ClearType, Direct3D, DirectAnimation, DirectDraw, DirectInput, DirectMusic,
`DirectPlay, DirectShow, DirectSound, DirectX, Entourage. FoxPro, FrontPage, Hotmail, IntelliEye,
`lntelliMouse, lntelliSense, JScript, MapPoint, Microsoft, Microsoft Press, Mobile Explorer, MS-DOS,
`MSN, Music Central, NetMeeting, Outlook, PhotoDraw, PowerPoint, SharePoint, UltimateTV, Visio,
`Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual FoxPro, Visual lnterDev, Visual J++, Visual SourceSafe, Visual Studio,
`Win32, Win32s, Windows, Windows Media, Windows NT, Xbox are either registered trademarks or
`trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States andlor other countries. Other product and
`company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.
`
`The example companies, organizations, products, domain names, e-mail addresses, logos, people, places,
`and events depicted herein are fictitious. No association with any real company, organization, product,
`domain name, e-mail address, logo, person, place, or event is intended or should be inferred.
`
`Acquisitions Editor: Alex Blanton
`Project Editor: Sandra Haynes
`
`Body Part No. X08-41929
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1008 - Page 2
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1008 - Page 2
`
`

`

`
`
`COBOL n. Acronym for Common Business-Oriented
`Language. A verbose, English-like compiled program-
`ming language developed between 1959 and 1961 and still
`in wideSpread use today, especially in business applica-
`tions typically run on mainframes. A COBOL program
`consists of an Identification Division, which specifies the
`name of the program and contains any other documenta-
`tion the programmer wants to add; an Environment Divi-
`sion, which specifies the computers being used and the
`files used in the program for input and output; a Data Divi-
`sion, which describes the format of the data structures
`used in the program; and a Procedure Division, which
`contains the procedures that dictate the actions of the pro-
`gram. See also compiled language.
`cobweb site it. A Web site that is far out of date. See also
`Web site.
`
`Cocoa n. A set of object-oriented development tools and
`interfaces available on Mac OS X. Cocoa contains a set of
`
`frameworks. software components. and development tools
`used to construct applications for Mac OS X and provides
`programming interfaces in Java and Objective-C. Cocoa is
`based on NcXT’s OpenStep and is integrated with Apple
`technologies.
`
`CODASYL it. Acronym for Conference on Data Systems
`Languages. An organization founded by the U.S. Depart—
`ment of Defense. CODASYL is dedicated to the develop—
`ment of data-management systems and languages, among
`them the widely used COBOL.
`
`code1 n. 1. Program instructions. Source code consists of
`human-readable statements written by a programmer in a
`programming language. Machine code consists of numeri-
`cal instructions that the computer can recognize and execute
`and that were converted from source code. See also data,
`program. 2. A system of symbols used to convert informa-
`tion from one form to another. A code for converting infor-
`mation in order to conceal it is often called a cipher. 3. One
`of a set of symbols used to represent information.
`
`code2 vb. To write program instructions in a program-
`ming language. See also program.
`
`code access security n. A mechanism provided by the
`runtime whereby managed code is granted permissions by
`security policy and these permissions are enforced, limit-
`ing what Operations the code will be allowed to perform.
`To prevent unintended code paths from exposing a secu-
`rity vulnerability, all callers on the call stack must be
`
`granted the necessary permissions (possibly subject to
`override by assertion or denial).
`codec n. 1. Short for coder/decoder. Hardware that can
`
`convert audio or video signals between analog and digital
`forms. 2. Short for compressor/decompressor. Hardware
`or software that can compress and uncompress audio or
`video data. See also compt‘ess2, uncompress. 3. Hardware
`that combines the functions of definitions 1 and 2.
`
`code conversion 11. l. The process of translating program
`instructions from one form into another. Code may be con-
`verted at the source-language level (for example, from C to
`Pascal), at the hardware-platform level (for example, from
`working on the IBM PC to working on the Apple Macin-
`tosh), or at the language level (for example, from source
`code in C to machine code). See also code] (definition 1).
`2. The process of transforming data from one representa-
`tion to another, such as from ASCII to EBCDIC or from
`two’s complement to binary-coded decimal.
`
`Code Division Multiple Access :1. A form of multiplex-
`ing in which the transmitter encodes the signal, using a
`pseudo-random sequence that the receiver also knows and
`can use to decode the received signal. Each different ran-
`dom sequence corresponds to a difierent communication
`channel. Motorola uses Code Division Multiple Access
`for digital cellular phones. Acronym: CDMA. Also called.-
`spread spectrum. See also multiplexing, transmitter.
`
`code page it. In MS-DOS versions 3.3 and later, a table
`that relates the binary character codes used by a program
`to keys on the keyboard or to the appearance of characters
`on the diSplay. Code pages are a means of providing sup-
`port for character sets and keyboard layouts used in differ-
`ent countries. Devices such as the display and the
`keyboard can be configured to use a specific code page
`and to switch from one code page (such as United States)
`to another (such as Portugal) at the user’s request.
`
`code profiler n. A tool designed to aid deveIOpers in
`identifying and eliminating the code inefficiencies that
`cause bottlenecks and degrade performance in their appli-
`cations. Code profilers analyze an executing application to
`determine both how long functions take to execute and
`how often they are called. Using a code profiler is a repct-
`itive process in that the tool must be reused after each sec-
`tion of inefficient code has been found and corrected.
`
`coder It. See programmer.
`
`Code Red worm in. A fast-spreading and pernicious
`Internet worm first discovered in mid-2001 . The Code Red
`
`106
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1008 - Page 3
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1008 - Page 3
`
`

`

`CPM
`
`cracker
`
`for microcomputers based on Intel microprocessors. The
`first system, CHM-80, was the most popular operating
`system for 8080- and ZSO-based microcomputers. Digital
`Research also developed CHM-86 for 8086/8088-based
`computers. CPIM~28000 for Zilog ZSOOO-bascd comput-
`ers, and CHM—68K for Motorola 68000—based computers.
`When the IBM PC and MS-DOS were introduced, com-
`mon use of CPlM by end users dwindled. DRI continues to
`enhance the CPlM line, supporting multitasking with the
`Concurrent CPlM and MPIM products. See also MP/M.
`
`CPM a. See critical path method.
`
`CPRM n. Acronym for Content Protection for Record-
`able Media. Technology developed to control the use of
`copyrighted digital music and video material by blocking
`the transfer oi‘protected files to portable media such as zip
`disks and smart cards. CPRM would be added to storage
`devices and provide data scrambling and identification
`codes to block the copying of copyrighted files.
`
`cps it. See characters per second.
`
`CPSR a. Acronym for Computer Professionals for Soeial
`Responsibility. A public advocacy organization ot'com-
`puter professionals. CPSR was originally formed out of
`concern over the use of computer technology for military
`purposes but has extended its interest to such issues as
`civil liberties and the effect of computers on workers.
`
`CPU n. Acronym for central processing unit. The compu-
`tational and control unit ol'a computer. The C?U is the
`device that interprets and executes instructions. Main-
`frames and early minicomputers contained circuit boards
`full ofintegrated circuits that implemented the CPU. Sin»
`gleuchip central processing units. called microprocessors.
`made possible personal computers and workstations.
`Examples of single-chip CI-‘Us are the Motorola 68000.
`68020, and 68030 chips and the Intel 8080, 8086, 80286,
`80386. and i486 chips. The CPU—or micmprocessor. in
`the case ofa microcomputer—has the ability to fetch,
`decode, and execute instructions and to transfer informa-
`tion to and from other resources over the computer's main
`data-transfer path. the bus. By definition, the CPU is the
`chip that functions as the “brain“ of a computer. In some
`instances. however, the term encompasses both the proces—
`sor and the computer‘s memory or. even more broadly, the
`main computer console (as opposed to peripherai equip-
`ment). See the illustration. See also microprocessor.
`
`
`
`CPU.
`
`CPU-bound adj. See computation—bound.
`
`CPU cache n. A section of fast memory linking the CPU
`(central processing unit) and main memory that tempo—
`rarily stores data and instructions the CPU needs to exe-
`cute upcoming commands and programs. Considerably
`faster than main memory, the CPU cache contains data
`that is transferred in blocks. thereby Speeding execution.
`The system anticipates the data it will need through algo-
`rithms. Also called: cache memory, memory cache. See
`also cache, CPU. VCACHE.
`
`CPU cycle n. l. The smallest unit of time recognized by
`the CPU {central processing unit)—-typieally a few hun-
`dred-millionths of a second. 2. The time required for the
`CPU to perform the simplest instruction, such as fetching
`the contents of a register or performing a tie-operation
`instruction (NOP). Also called: clock tick.
`
`CPU fan a. An electric fan usually placed directly on a
`CPU {central processing unit) or on the CPU's heat sink to
`help dissipate heat from the chip by circulating air around
`it. See also CPU, heat sink.
`
`CPU speed a. A relative measure of the data-processing
`capacity of a particular CPU (central processing unit).
`usually measured in megahertz. See also CPU.
`
`CPU time n. In multiprocessing, the amount oftime dur-
`ing which a particular process has active control of the CPU
`(central processing unit). See also CPU. multiprocessing.
`
`CR a. See carriage return.
`
`crack vb. 1. To gain unauthorized access to a network by
`breaching its security. 2. To decipher encrypted information.
`
`cracker n. A person who overcomes the security mea»
`sures ol‘a computer system and gains unauthorized access.
`The goal of some crackers is to obtain information ille—
`
`132
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1008 - Page 4
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1008 - Page 4
`
`

`

`
`
`fixed-word-length computer a. A description that
`applies to almost all computers and refers to the uniform
`size of the data units, or words, that are processed by the
`microprocessor and shuttled through the system over the
`hardware lines composing the main data bus. Fixed-word-
`length computers, including IBM and Macintosh personal
`computers, commonly work with 2 or 4 bytes at a time.
`
`F keys :1. See function key.
`
`flag it. 1. Broadly, a marker of some type used by a com-
`puter in processing or interpreting information; a signal
`indicating the existence or status of a particular condition.
`Flags are used in such areas as communications, program-
`ming, and information processing. Depending on its use, a
`flag can be a code, embedded in data, that identifies some
`condition. or it can be one or more bits set internally by
`hardware or software to indicate an event of some type,
`such as an error or the result of comparing two values.
`2. In the HDLC communications protocol, a flag is the
`unique series of bits Of 1 11110. used to start and end a
`transmission frame (message unit). See also HDLC.
`
`flame“L n. An abusive or personally insulting e-mail mes-
`sage or newsgroup posting.
`
`flame2 vb. 1. To send an abusive or personally insulting e-
`mail message or newsgroup posting. 2. To criticize person-
`ally by means of e-mail messages or newsgroup postings.
`
`flame bait n. A posting to a mailing list, newsgroup, or
`other online conference that is likety to provoke flames, often
`because it expresses a controversial opinion on a highly emo-
`tional topic. See also flame‘, flame war. Compare troll.
`
`flamefest n. A series of inflammatory messages or arti-
`cles in a newsgroup or other online conference.
`
`flamer n. A person who sends or posts abusive messages
`via e—mail, in newsgroups and other online forums, and in
`online chats. See also chat1 (definition 1), newsgroup.
`
`flame war n. A discussion in a mailing list, newsgroup, or
`other online conference that has turned into a protracted
`exchange of flames. See also Hamel.
`
`Flash :1. A vector graphics file format (extension .swf)
`developed by Macromedia to enable designers to add ani-
`mation and interactivity to multimedia Web pages. Flash
`files can be played back with a downloadable Shockwave
`plug-in or a Java program. The file format has been released
`by Macromedia as an open standard for the Intemet.
`
`flash vb. See bum.
`
`flash memory in. A type of nonvolatile memory. Flash
`memory is similar to EEPROM memory in function but it
`must be erased in blocks, whereas EEPROM can be erased
`one byte at a time. Because of its block-oriented nature,
`flash memory is commonly used as a supplement to or
`replacement for hard disks in portable computers. In this
`context, flash memory either is built into the unit or, more
`commonly, is available as a PC Card that can be plugged
`into a PCMCIA slot. A disadvantage of the block-oriented
`nature of flash memory is that it cannot be practically used
`as main memory (RAM) because a computer needs to be
`able to write to memory in single-byte increments. See also
`EEPROM, nonvolatile memory, PC Card, PCMCIA slot.
`
`flash ROM :1. See flash memory.
`
`flat address space :2. An address space in which each
`location in memory is specified by a unique number. (Mem-
`ory addresses start at 0 and increase sequentially by l.) The
`Macintosh operating system, 0312, and Windows NT use a
`flat address space. MS-DOS uses a segmented address
`space, in which a location must be accessed with a segment
`number and an offset number. See also segmentation. Com-
`pare segmented address space.
`
`flatbed plotter n. A plotter in which paper is held on a
`flat platform and a pen moves along both axes, traveling
`across the paper to draw an image. This method is slightly
`more accurate than that used by drum plotters, which
`move the paper under the pen, but requires more space.
`Flatbed plotters can also accept a wider variety of media,
`such as vellum and acetate, because the material does not
`need to be flexible. See also plotter. Compare drum plot-
`ter, pinch-roller plotter.
`-
`
`flatbed scanner in. A scanner with a flat, transparent sur-
`face that holds the image to be scanned, generally a book
`or other paper document. A scan head below the surface
`moves across the image. Some flatbed scanners can also
`reproduce transparent media, such as slides. See the illus-
`tration. Compare drum scanner. handheld scanner. sheet—
`fed scanner.
`
`216
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1008 - Page 5
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1008 - Page 5
`
`

`

`
`
`surfaces. Because the markings permit an electric current
`to flow, a set of conductive brushes that ride on the surface
`of the conductive wheels can detect these conductive
`markings. The electronics in the mouse translate these
`electrical movement signals into mouse—movement infor-
`mation that can be used by the computer. See also mouse,
`trackball. Compare optical mouse, optomechanical
`mouse.
`
`mechatronies n. A term derived from the words mechan-
`
`ical and electronics to describe a field of engineering that
`applies mechanical, electrical, and electronic engineering
`concepts to product design and manufacture A relatively
`new discipline, mechatronics is applicable to products in
`fields as diverse as medicine, robotics, manufacturing, and
`consumer electronics.
`
`media n. The physical material, such as paper, disk, and
`tape, used for storing computer-based information. Media
`is plural; medium is singular.
`Media Access Control n. See MAC.
`
`Media Control Interface n. See MCI (definition 1).
`
`media conversion n. Transfen‘ing data from one storage
`medium to another—afor example, from disk to tape.
`media eraser n. A device that removes or obliterates data
`
`from a storage medium on a wholesale basis, usually by
`writing meaningless data (such as zeros) over it. See also
`bulk eraser.
`
`media filter n. 1. A device used with local area networks
`
`(LANs) as an adapter between two different types of
`media. For example, an RJ-45 connector might be used
`between coaxial cable and unshielded twisted pair (UTP)
`cables. Media filters are similar in function to transceivers.
`
`As with many components to LANs, manufacturers often
`choose different names for similar products, so a LAN
`expert is needed to decide which media filters are required
`for a particular LAN. See also coaxial cable, connector
`(definition 1), LAN, transceiver, UTP. 2. A device added
`to data networks to filter out electronic noise from the
`
`environment. For example, a media filter might be added
`to an Ethernet network based on coaxial cabling to prevent
`data loss from interference by nearby electronic equip-
`ment. See also coaxial cable, Ethernet (definition 1).
`
`media stream n. A continuous sequence of audio or
`audio-and-vidco through a network.
`
`medium;1 adj. Of or relating to the middle part of a range
`of possible values.
`
`medium2 in. A substance in which signals can be trans-
`mitted, such as a wire or fiber-optic cable. See media.
`
`medium model n. A memory model of the Intel 80x86
`processor family. The medium model allows only 64 kilo-
`bytes for data but generally up to 1 megabyte for code. See
`aiso memory model.
`
`medium-scale integration n. A concentration of circuit
`elements in the hundreds on a single chip. Acronym: MSI.
`See also integrated circuit.
`
`meg n. See megabyte.
`
`mega— prefix One million (105). [n computing, which is
`based on the binary (base~2) numbering system, mega- has
`a literal value of 1,048,576, which is the power of 2 (220)
`closest to one million. Abbreviation: M.
`
`megabit n. Usually 1,048,576 bits (22”); sometimes inter—
`preted as 1 million bits. Abbreviation: Mb, Mbit.
`
`megabyte n. Usually 1,048,576 bytes (220); sometimes
`interpreted as 1 million bytes. Abbreviation: MB.
`
`megacycle n. A term for 1 million cycles—usually used
`to mean l million cycles per second. Abbreviation: MC.
`See also megahertz.
`
`megaflops n. See MFLOPS.
`
`megahertz n. A measure of frequency equivalent to 1
`million cycles per second. Abbreviation: MHz.
`
`megapel display n. See megapixel display.
`
`megapixel adj. A reference to image resolution of one
`million pixels or more. The term is used in reference to
`devices such as digital cameras, scanners, and computer
`monitors and display adapters.
`
`megapixel display n. A video display capable of dis-
`playing at least 1 million pixels. For example, a video dis-
`play with a screen size of 1024 horizontal pixels and 1024
`vertical pixels is a megapixel display. Also
`called: megapel display.
`Melissa n. A macro virus that affects Word files in
`Microsoft Office 97 and Office 2000 and first appeared in
`the spring of 1999. Melissa is delivered as an attachment to
`an e-mail with the subject line “An Important Message
`From <user name>,” a message beginning “Here is that
`document you asked for. . .,” or both. When the attachment
`is opened, the virus propagates (if Microsoft Outlook is
`installed) by sending itself to the first 50 e—mail addresses in
`the user‘s Outlook address book. On the infected machine,
`
`332
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1008 - Page 6
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1008 - Page 6
`
`

`

`
`
`computers and special-purpose devices such as digital
`cameras and cellular telephones.
`
`micrographies n. The techniques and methods for
`recording data on microfilm. See also microform.
`
`micro-electromechanical systems am. See MEMS.
`
`microelectronics n. The technology of constructing
`electronic circuits and devices in very small packages. The
`most significant advance in microelectronics technology
`has been the integrated circuit. Circuits that 40 years ago
`required a roomful of power-hungry vacuum tubes can
`now be fabricated on a silicon chip smaller than a postage
`stamp and require only a few milliwatts of power. See also
`integrated circuit.
`
`microfiche n. A small sheet of film, about 4 by 6 inches,
`used for recording photographically reduced images, such
`as document pages, in rows and columns forming a grid
`pattern. The resulting images are too small to read with the
`naked eye, and a microfiche reader is required to view the
`documents. Compare microfilm.
`
`microfilm n. A thin strip of film stored on a roll and used
`to record sequential data images. As with microfiche, a
`special device magnifies the images so that they can be
`read. See also CIM (definition 2), COM (definition 4).
`Compare microfiche.
`
`microfloppy disk it. A 3.5-inch floppy disk of the type
`used with the MacintOsh and with IBM and compatible
`microcomputers. A microfloppy disk is a round piece of
`polyester film coated with ferric oxide and encased in a
`rigid plastic shell equipped with a sliding metal cover. On
`the Macintosh, a single-sided microfloppy disk can hold
`400 kilobytes (KB); a double-sided (standard) disk can
`hold 300 KB; and a double-sided high-density disk can
`hold 1.44 megabytes (MB). On IBM and compatible
`machines. a microfloppy can hold either 720 KB or 1.44
`MB of information. See also floppy disk.
`
`mic rofluidics a. Technology for control and manipulation
`of fluids on a microscopic scale using microscopic pumps
`and valves placed on a chip. Microfluidics devices have
`implications for a number of medical, pharmaceutical,
`genomics, and other biotechnology applications.
`
`microform n. The medium, such as microfilm or micro-
`fiche, on which a photographically reduced image, called
`a mlcrot'mage, is stored. A microimage usually represents
`text, such as archived documents. See also microfiche,
`microfilm, micrographics.
`
`microimage n. A photographicaliy reduced image, usu-
`ally stored on microfilm or microfiche, that is too small to
`be read without magnification. See also microform, micro-
`graphics.
`
`microinstruction n. An instruction that is part of the
`microcode. See also microcode.
`
`microjustification it. See microspace justification.
`
`microkernel n. 1. In programming, the strictly hardware-
`dependent part of an operating system that is intended to
`be portable from one type of computer to another. The
`microkernel provides a hardware-independent interface to
`the rest of the operating system, so only the microkemel
`needs to be rewritten to port the operating system to a dif-
`ferent platform. See also kernel, operating system. 2. A
`kernel that has been designed with only the basic features
`and typically in a modular fashion.
`
`micrologie n. A set of instructions, stored in binary form,
`or a set of electronic logic circuits that defines and governs
`the operation within a microprocessor.
`
`microminiature n. An extremely small circuit or other
`electronic component, especially one that is a refinement
`of an already miniaturized element.
`
`microphone n. 1. A device that converts sound waves
`into analog electrical signals. Additional hardware can
`convert the microphone’s output into digital data that a
`computer can process; for example, to record multimedia
`documents or analyze the sound signal. 2. A communica-
`tions program that runs on the Macintosh computer.
`
`microphotonics n. Technology for directing light on a
`microscopic scale. Microphotonics employs tiny mirrors
`or photonic crystals to reflect and transmit specific wave-
`lengths of light. which can carry digital signals. Micro-
`photonics technology has implications for optical
`networks under development for the telecommunications
`industry. See also MEMS. optical switching.
`
`microprocessor n. A central processing unit (CPU) on a
`single chip. A modern microprocessor can have several
`million transistors in an integrated-circuit package that
`can easily fit into the palm of one’s hand. Microprocessors
`are at the heart of all personal computers. When memory
`and power are added to a microprocessor, all the pieces,
`excluding peripherals, required for a computer are present.
`
`338
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1008 - Page 7
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1008 - Page 7
`
`

`

`noise
`
`rue-0p
`
`noise :1. 1. Any interference that affects the operation ofa
`device. 2. Unwanted electrical signals, produced either
`naturally or by the circuitry, that distort or degrade the
`quality or performance of a communications channel. 588
`also distortion.
`
`nonbreaking space It. A character that replaces the
`standard space character in order to keep two words
`together on one line rather than allowing a line to break
`between them.
`
`noncompetes n. An agreement between employer and
`employee that states that the employee will not accept
`work with a competing company for a specified length of
`time after leaving the employer’s company. Noncompete
`agreements are common in high—tech companies and are
`typically requested to help maintain company secrets and
`retain valuable employees.
`nonconductor it. See insulator.
`
`noncontiguous data structure a. in programming, a
`data structure whose elements are not stored contiguously
`in memory. Data structures such as graphs and trees, whose
`elements are connected by pointers, are noncontiguous data
`structures. Compare contiguous data structure.
`
`nondedicated server it. A computer on a network that
`can function as both a client and a server; typically, a
`desktop machine on a peer—to-peer network. Compare
`dedicated server.
`
`nondestructive readout n. A reading operation that
`does not destroy the data read, either because the storage
`technology is capable of retaining the data or because the
`reading operatiOn is accompanied by a data refresh
`(update) function. Acronym: NDR, NDRO. Compare
`destructive read.
`
`nonexecutable statement rt. 1. A program statement
`that cannot be executed because it lies outside the flow of
`
`execution through the program. For example, a statement
`immediately following a rerum() statement but before the
`end of the block in C is nonexecutable. 2. A type defini-
`tion, variable declaration, preprocessor command, com-
`ment, or other statement in a program that is not translated
`into executable machine code.
`
`nonimpact printer n. Any printer that makes marks on
`the paper without striking it mechanically. The most com-
`mon types are ink-jet, thermal, and laser printers. See also
`ink-jet printer, laser printer, thermal printer. Compare
`impact printer.
`
`noninterlaced adj. Pertaining to a display method on ras-
`ter~scan monitors in which the electron beam scans each
`
`line of the screen once during each refresh cycle. Compare
`interlaced.
`
`nonmaskable interrupt n. A hardware interrupt that
`bypasses and takes priority over interrupt requests gener-
`ated by software and by the keyboard and other such
`devices. A nonmaskable interrupt cannot be overruled
`(masked) by another service request and is issued to the
`microprocessor only in disastrous circumstances, such as
`severe memory errors or impending power failures. Acm-
`nym: NMI. Compare maskable interrupt.
`
`nonprocedural language it. A programming language
`that does not follow the procedural paradigm of executing
`statements, subroutine calls, and control structures
`sequentially but instead describes a set of facts and rela-
`tionships and then is queried for specific results. Compare
`procedural language.
`
`nonreturn to zero a. 1. In data transmission, a method of
`encoding data in which the signal representing binary dig-
`its aiternates between positive and negative voltage when
`there is a change in digits from 1 to 0 or vice versa. In
`other words, the signal does not return to a zero, or neu-
`tral, level after transmission of each bit. Timing is used to
`distinguish one bit from the next. 2. 1n the recording of
`data on a magnetic surface, a method in which one mag-
`netic state represents a l and, usually, the opposite state
`represents a 0. Acronym: NRZ.
`
`nontrivial adj. Being either difficult or particularly mean-
`ingful. For example, a complicated programmed proce-
`dure to handle a difficult problem would represent a
`nontrivial solution.
`
`Non-Uniform Memory Access :1. See NUMA.
`
`nonuniform memory architecture :1. A system archi-
`tecture designed for Sequent’s Non-Uniform Access
`Memory, a type of distributed shared memory using a
`number of shared memory segments instead of a single
`centralized physical memory. Acronym: NUMA.
`
`nonvolatile memory it. A storage system that does not
`lose data when power is removed from it. intended to refer
`to core memory, ROM, EPROM, flash memory, bubble
`memory, or battery-backed CMOS RAM, the term is occa-
`sionally used in reference to disk subsystems as well. See
`also bubble memory, CMOS RAM, core, EPROM, flash
`memory, ROM.
`
`NO-OP a. See no-Operation instruction.
`
`367
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1008 - Page 8
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1008 - Page 8
`
`

`

`
`
`output simulation n. A feature of color management
`applications in which a computer display is calibrated to
`help predict the results of printing a graphics file on a spe-
`cific device. Also called: soft proofing.
`output stream rt. A flow of information that leaves a
`computer system and is associated with a particular task or
`destination. In programming, an output stream can be a
`series of characters sent from the computer's memory to a
`display or to a disk file. Compare input stream.
`
`outsourcing rt. The assignment of tasks to independent
`contractors, such as individual consultants or service
`
`bureaus. Tasks such as data entry and programming are
`often performed via outsourcing.
`
`OverDrive rr. A type of microprocessor from Intel
`designed to replace a computer’s existing i4868X or
`i486DX microprocessor. The OverDrive is functionally
`identical to Intel ‘5 i4S6DX2 microprocessor, but it is an
`end-user product. whereas the i486DX2 is sold only to
`computer manufacturers who build it into their own sys-
`tems. Upgrading a system with an OverDrive processor
`difiers from system to system, and some systems might
`not be able to support an OverDrive processor. See also
`i486DX, i4868L., i486SX, microprocessor. Compare
`i486DX2.
`
`overflow rr. 1. Generally, the condition that occurs when
`data resulting from input or processing requires more bits
`than have been provided in hardware or software to store
`the data. Examples of overflow include a floating-point
`operation whose result is too large for the number of bits
`allowed for the exponent, a string that exceeds the bounds
`of the array allocated for it, and an integer operation
`whose result contains too many bits for the register into
`which it is to be stored. See also overflow error. Compare
`underflow. 2. The pan of a data item that cannot be stored
`because the data exceeds the capacity of the available data
`structure.
`
`overflow error rr. An error that arises when a number,
`often the result of an arithmetic operation. is too large to
`be contained in the data structure that a program provides
`for it.
`
`overhead rt. Work or information that provides support—*-
`possibly critical support—for a computing process but is
`not an intrinsic part of the operation or data. Overhead
`often adds to processing time but is generally necessary.
`
`overlaid windows rr. Sec cascading windows.
`
`overlapped communication operation n. The perfor-
`mance of two distinct communication operations simul—
`taneously; for example, a simultaneous readlwrite
`operation. Windows CE does not support overlapped
`communication operation, but it does support multiple
`readlwrites pending on a device.
`
`overlay1 r1. 1. A section of a program designed to reside
`on a designated storage device, such as a disk, and to be
`loaded into memory when needed, usually overwriting
`one or more overlays alread