LEON W. GOUGH II
`
`P rofe s s or of Ele ct rical Engine ering
`U niaersity of F lorida, Gaine soille
`
`DIGITAL AND
`ANALOG
`GOMMUNIGATION
`SYSTEMS
`Second Edition
`
`Macmillan Publishing GomPanY
`New York
`
`Gollier Macmillan Publishers
`London
`
`PETITIONERS EXHIBIT 1012
`Page 1 of 49
`
`

`

`Copyright O 1987, Macmillan Publishing Company, a
`division of Macmillan, Inc.
`
`Printed in the United States of America
`
`All rights reserved. No part of this book may be
`reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
`electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
`recording, or any information storage and retrieval
`system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
`
`Earlier edition copyright @ 1983 by Macmillan
`Publishing Company
`
`Macmillan Publishing Company
`866 Third Avenue, New York, New york 10022
`Collier Macmillan Canada, Inc.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging in publication Data
`
`Couch, lron W.
`Digital and analog communication systems.
`Bibliography: p.
`Includes index.
`l. Telecommunication systems. 2. Digital
`communications. I. Title.
`TK5101.c69 1987
`621.38'0413 86_8739
`ISBN 0-02-325380-0
`
`Printing: 12345678
`rsBN 0-Ee-3e53A0-0
`
`year: 789012345
`
`PETITIONERS EXHIBIT 1012
`Page 2 of 49
`
`

`

`To mY wtfe,
`Margaret Wheland Couch,
`and
`To our children,
`Leon III, Jonathan, and Rebecca
`
`PETITIONERS EXHIBIT 1012
`Page 3 of 49
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`

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`PETITIONERS EXHIBIT 1012
`Page4 of 49
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`PETITIONERS EXHIBIT 1012
`Page 4 of 49
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`PFtffiFr*tmffi
`
`This new edition provides the latest up-to-date treatment of digital and analog
`communication systems. It is written as a textbook for junior or senior engi-
`neering students and is appropriate also for an introductory graduate course or
`as a modern technical reference for practicing electrical engineers' It covers
`practical aspects of communications systems developed from a sotnd theoretical
`basis.
`
`The Theoretical Basis
`
`o Representation of digital signals
`a Representation of analog signals
`o Magnitude and phase spectra
`a Fourier analysis
`o Power spectral density
`o Linear systems
`a Nonlinear systems
`
`. Modulation theory
`a Random variables
`o Probability density
`a Random processes
`. Calculation of (S/N)
`. Calculation of BER
`. Optimum systems
`
`vIl
`
`PETITIONERS EXHIBIT 1012
`Page 5 of 49
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`vilt
`
`PFIEFACE
`
`a Simulation of communication syst :rs
`a Intersymbol interference
`
`. Block codes
`a Convolutional codes
`
`The Practical Applications
`. PAM, PCM, DPCM, DM, PWM, and ppM baseband signaling
`. OOK, BPSK, QPSK, MPSK, MSK, and eAM bandpass digital signaling
`. AM, DSB-SC, SSB, VSB, PM, and FM bandpass analog signaling
`. Time division multiplexing and the standards used
`. Frequency division multiplexing and the standards used
`o Common carrier systems
`a Satellite communication systems
`. Effective input-noise temperature and noise figure
`o Link budget analysis
`. Fiber optic systems
`o Spread spectrum systems
`o Television systems
`. Technical standards for AM, FM, TV, and CATV
`a Computer communication systems
`a Protocals for computer communications
`a Technical standards for computer communications
`. Math tables
`. Illustrative examples
`a 383 homework problems with selected answers
`a Extensive references
`
`The practical aspects are exhibited by describing the circuitry that is used in
`communication systems and summarizing the technical standards that have been
`adopted for digital, analog, and computer communication systems. The theo-
`retical aspects are presented by using a sound mathematical basis that is made
`clear by the use of a definition, theorem, proof format with worked examples.
`This book is an outgrowth of my teaching of graduate as well as undergraduate
`communication courses at the university of Florida. I believe that the reader
`does not fully understand the technical material unless he or she has the oppor-
`
`PETITIONERS EXHIBIT 1012
`Page 6 of 49
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`

`

`PEIEFACE
`
`!x
`
`tunity to work problems. Consequently, over 380 problems have been included.
`Some of them are easy so that the beginning student will not become frustrated,
`and some are difflcult enough to challenge the more advanced student- All the
`problems are designed to provoke thought about, and understanding of, com-
`munication systems.
`The contents of this book may be divided into two main parts. Chapters I
`through 5 develop communication systems from a nonrandom signal viewpoint.
`This allows the reader to grasp some very important ideas without having to
`learn (or know) statistical concepts at the same time. In the second part of the
`book, Chapters 6 through 8 plus Appendix B, statistical concepts are developed
`and used. Statistical concepts are needed to analyze and design communication
`systems that are operating in the presence of noise. Some sections of Chapters
`1 through 5 are marked with a star (*). This indicates that the mathematical
`developments of these sections are more difficult and generally use statistical
`concepts. On the first reading, the beginning student should be concerned with
`the results of the starred sections and should not labor over the mathematical
`details until he or she has gained more mathematical expertise, developed in
`later chapters. The staned sections are included because the results are signifl-
`cant, and it is hoped that these sections will motivate the beginning student to
`continue to study the exciting subject of communications.
`The contents of the book are further subdivided as follows. Chapter I provides
`clear definitions of digital and analog signals as well as giving historical per-
`spective and theoretical limits on the performance of communication systems.
`Chupt.r 2 develops the topics of spectra, orthogonal representations, and Fourier
`theory. Linear system concepts are reviewed. Chapter 3 covers baseband pulse
`and baseband digital signaling techniques, line codes and their spectra, and the
`prevention of intersymbol interference. Chapter 4 introduces bandpass com-
`munication circuits and develops the theory and practice of bandpass commu-
`nication systems (amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, etc.). Chapter
`5 provides examples of telephone, television, flber optic, spread spectrum, dig-
`ital, and satellite communication systems. Summaries of technical standards are
`given. Chapter 6 develops the mathematical topic of random processes that is
`needed for analyzing the effects of noise. Chapter 7 describes the performance
`of digital and analog communication systems that are corrupted by noise. Chap-
`ter 8 is concerned with the design of optimum digital receivers that combat the
`effects of noise. Coding theory is also developed. A summary of useful math-
`ematical techniques and tables is given in Appendix A. Appendix B covers the
`topic of probability and random variables. (This appendix is a prerequisite for
`Chapter 6 if the reader does not already have such knowledge.) Appendix C
`gives standards and terminology that are used in computer communication sys-
`tems.
`This book is written to be applicable to many different course structures.
`These are summarized in the table.
`I appreciate the help of the many persons who contributed to this book. In
`particular I appreciate the very helpful comments that have been provided by
`
`PETITIONERS EXHIBIT 1012
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`

`Chapters Covered
`
`Course Title and Comments
`
`PFIEFACE
`
`Course
`Length'
`
`Undergraduate
`I term
`I quarter
`
`I , 2, 3, 4, 5 (partially)
`1,2,3, 4
`
`Introduction to Digital and Analog
`Communication Systems (Student background
`in signals, networks, and statistics not
`required)
`
`Introduction to Digital and Analog
`Communication Systems (Student background
`in statistics not required; knowledge of
`signals and networks required)
`Digital and Analog Communication Systems in
`Noise (A course in probability, random
`variables, random processes, and applications
`to communication systems)
`Digital Communication Systems in Noise
`
`Analog Communication Systems in Noise
`
`Digital and Analog Communication Systems
`(Prior course in random processes required)
`Communication I-Introduction to
`Communication Systems
`Communication Il-Performance of
`Communication Systems in Noise
`Communication I-Introduction to
`Communication Systems
`Communication Il---Communication Systems
`and Noise
`Communication Ill-Performance of
`Communication Systems and Optimum
`Digital Receivers
`
`Introduction to Communication Systems (Some
`undergraduate knowledge of communications
`required)
`Introduction to Communication Systems with
`Optimum Digital Receivers (Knowledge of
`probability required)
`
`term
`quarter
`
`1, 2 (rapidly), 3, 4, 5
`l,2 (rapidly),3, 4
`
`I term
`
`I, Appendix B, 6,7
`
`I quarter
`
`I quarter
`
`I term
`
`Two terms
`lst term
`
`l, Appendix B, 6, Secs
`7-l to 7-6
`l, Appendix B, 6, Sec.
`7-8
`1,2 (rapidly),3, 4,7
`
`1,2 (rapidly),3,4,5
`
`2nd term
`
`Appendix B, 6,7
`
`Three quarters
`lst quarter
`
`1,2 (rapidly),3, 4
`
`2nd quarter
`
`5, Appendix B, 6
`
`3rd quarter
`
`7,8
`
`Graduate
`I term
`
`I term
`
`l, Appendix B, 6,7,
`Secs. 8-l to 8-4
`
`r, 6,7, 8
`
`One term
`week for
`
`is assumed to be equivalent to 3 class hours per week for a semester system or 4 class hours per
`a quarter system. One quarter is assumed to be 3 class hours per week.
`
`the Macmillan reviewers. For the first edition they were Ray w. Nettleton
`(Litton Amecon), James A. cadzow (Arizona State University), Dean T. Davis
`(The ohio State University), Jerry D. Gibson (Texas A&M University), and
`Gerald Lachs (Pennsylvania State University). For the second edition they are
`
`PETITIONERS EXHIBIT 1012
`Page 8 of 49
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`

`xr
`
`PFIEFACE
`Jeff Burl (University of Calif^
`,.,,ine), Donald J. Healy (Georgia Institute
`of Technology), and Morr
`(Iowa State University).
`One reviewer was especially hclpiur rrt providing marked manuscript pages
`with suggestions and corrections. I also appreciate the help of my colleagues at
`the University of Florida, including Dr. Peyton Z. Peebles. Special thanks to
`the many University of Florida students who have been most helpful in making
`suggestions for this second edition. I also thank Lawrence K. Thompson and
`Charles S. Prewitt for assistance in preparing the solution manual. I am also
`grateful to the late Dr. T. S. George who taught me a great deal about com-
`munications white I was a graduate student under his direction. I am also very'
`appreciative of the help of my wife, Dr. Margaret Couch, who has typed th
`original and revised manuscripts and proofread the entire book.
`Leon W. Couch II
`Gainesville, Florida
`
`PETITIONERS EXHIBIT 1012
`Page 9 of 49
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`PETITIONERS EXHIBIT 1012
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`PETITIONERS EXHIBIT 1012
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`xxv
`
`I 3 3 4 5 6 8
`
`10
`13
`
`15
`t6
`t7
`
`xlil
`
`ffiffiruwffiruwffi
`
`LIST OF SYMBOLS
`
`S INTRoDUGTION
`1-1 Classification of Information Sources
`l-2 Classification of Communication Systems
`l-3 Deterministic and Random Waveforms
`l-4 Organization of This Book
`1-5 The Block Diagram of a Communication System
`l-6 FrequencyAllocations
`l-7 Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves
`l-8 InformationMeasure
`Example l-1 Evaluation of lnformation and Entropy 14
`1-9 Ideal Communication SYstems
`l-10 Preview
`Problems
`
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`xiv
`X SIGNALs AND NolsE
`2-l Properties of Signals and Noise
`PHYSICALLY REALIZABLEWAVEFORMS 20
`TIME AVERAGE OPERATOR 22
`DC VALUE 23
`POWER 23
`Example 2-l Evaluation of power 24
`RMS VALUE AND NORMALIZED POWER 25
`ENERGY WAVEFORMS AND POWER WAVEFORMS 26
`DECIBEL 27
`PHASORS 29
`2-2 Fourier Transform and Spectra
`DEFINITION 30
`Example 2-2 Spectrum of an Exponential pulse 32
`PROPERTIES OF FOURIER TRANSFORMS 33
`PARSEVAL'S THEOREM 34
`Example 2-3 Spectrum of a Damped Sinusoid 37
`DIRAC DELTA FUNCTION AND UNIT STEP FUNCTION 37
`Example 2-4 Spectrum of a Sinusoid 3g
`RECTANGULAR AND TRIANGULAR PULSES 40
`Example 2-5 Spectrum of a Rectangular pulse 42
`Example 2-6 Spectrum of a Triangular pulse 43
`CONVOLUTION 44
`Example 2-7 Convolution of a Rectangle with an
`Exponential 45
`Example 2-8 Spectrum of a Triangular pulse by
`Convolution 46
`Example 2-9 Spectrum of a Switched Sinusoid 46
`2-3 Power Spectral Density and Autocorrelation
`Function
`POWER SPECTRAL DENSTTY (PSD) 47
`AUTOCORRELATION FUNCTION 49
`Example 2-10 PSD of a Sinusoid 49
`2-4 Orthogonat Series Representation of Signals
`and Noise
`ORTHOGONALFUNCTIONS 5I
`ORTHOGONAL SERIES 52
`VECTOR REPRESENTATIONS OF DIGITAL SIGNALS 54
`Example 2-l I Representation of a Digital Signal 55
`2-5 Fourier Series
`COMPLEX FOURIER SERIES 57
`QUADRATURE FOURIER SERIES 59
`POLAR FOURIER SERIES 60
`LINE SPECTRA FOR PERIODIC WAVEFORMS 6I
`
`CCINTENTS
`
`t9
`t9
`
`30
`
`47
`
`51
`
`5t
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`CclNTENTS
`
`Example 2-12 Fourier Coefficients for a Square Wave 63
`POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY " ' PERIODIC
`WAVEFORMS 66
`2-6 Review of Linear Systems
`LINEAR TIME-INVARIANT SYSTEMS 66
`IMPULSE RESPONSE 67
`TRANSFER FUNCTION 68
`Exampte 2-13 RC Low-Pass Filter 69
`DISTORTIONLESS TRANSMISSION 7I
`Example 2-14 Distortion Caused by a Filter 72
`2-7 Bandlimited Signals and Noise
`BANDLIMITED WAVEFORMS 74
`SAMPLING THEOREM 75
`DIMENSIONALITY THEOREM 80
`DISCRETEFOURIERTRANSFORM 83
`2-B Bandwidth of Signals and Noise
`Example 2-15 Bandwidths for a BPSK Signal 90
`2-9 Summary
`Problems
`
`ffi BASEBAND PULSE AND DIGITAL SIGNAUilG
`3-1 Introduction
`3-2 Pulse AmPtitude Modulation
`NATURAL SAMPLING (GATING) IO8
`INSTANTANEOUS SAMPLING (FLAT-TOP PAM) 1II
`3-3 Pulse Code Modulation
`SAMPLING, QUANTIZING, AND ENCODING I15
`EFFECTS OF NOISE AND EYE PATTERNS 119
`Example 3-l Design of a PCM system l2l
`NONUNIFORM QUANTIZING: P.LAW AND A-LAW
`COMPANDING 123
`REGENERATIVE REPEATERS AND BIT
`SYNCHRONZERS 127
`3-4 Digital Signaling Formats
`BINARY LINE CODING 130
`POWER SPECTRA OF LINE CODES 133
`SPECTRALEFFICIENCY 138
`DIFFERENTIALCODING 138
`MULTILEVEL SIGNALING I4O
`3-5 Intersymbollnterference
`NYQUIST'S FIRST METHOD (ZERO ISD 145
`RAISEDCOSINE-ROLLOFFFILTERING 146
`
`xv
`
`66
`
`74
`
`86
`
`94
`95
`
`105
`
`r05
`106
`
`tt4
`
`130
`
`142
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`CclNTENTET
`
`Example 3-l (continued) 148
`ZERO-FORCING TRANSVERSAL FILTER EQUALIZERS I5I
`NYQUIST'S SECOND AND THIRD METHODS FOR CONTROL
`OF ISI 154
`PARTIAL RESPONSE AND DUOBINARY SIGNALING 157
`Differential Pulse Code Modulation
`Delta Modulation
`GRANULAR NOISE AND SLOPE OVERLOAD NOISE 167
`Example 3-2 Design of a DM system 169
`ADAPIIVE DELTA MODULATION AND CONTINUOUSLY
`VARIABLE SLOPE DELTA MODULATION I7O
`Time Division Multiptexing
`SYNCHRONOUS AND ASYNCHRONOUS LINES 175
`Example 3-3 Design of a Time-Division Multiplexer lj6
`TDM HIERARCHY I78
`THETI PCM SYSTEM I8O
`Pulse Time Modulation: Pulse Duration
`Modulation and Pulse Position Modulation
`Summary
`Problems
`
`3-6
`3-7
`
`3-8
`
`3-9
`
`3-10
`
`# BANDpAss stcNALtNG TEcHNtouEs AND
`COMPONENTS
`4-l
`Introduction
`4-2 Representation of Bandpass Waveforms
`and Systems
`DEFINITIONS_BASEBAND, BANDPASS, AND
`MODULATION 203
`COMPLEX ENVELOPEREPRESENTATION 204
`BANDPASS FILTERING 206
`DISTORTIONLESS TRANSMISSION 207
`BANDPASS DIMENSIONALITY THEOREM 209
`REPRESENTATION OF MODULATED SIGNALS 2II
`SPECTRUM OF BANDPASS SIGNALS 2II
`EVALUATION OF POWER 214
`Example 4-l Amplitude-Modulated Signal 215
`DIGITAL COMPUTER SIMULATION 216
`4-3 Components of Communication Systems
`FILTERS 220
`AMPLIFIERS 224
`LIMITERS 230
`
`16r
`164
`
`173
`
`186
`19r
`192
`
`202
`
`202
`
`203
`
`220
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`CElNTENTEt
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`xvil
`
`MIXERS, UP CONVERTERS, AND DOWN
`CONVERTERS 23I
`FREQUENCY MULTIPLIERS 237
`ENVELOPE DETECTOR 239
`PRODUCT DETECTOR 240
`FREQUENCY MODULATION DETECTOR 241
`PHASE-LOCKED LOOPS 245
`Transmitters and Receivers
`GENERALIZED TRANSMITTERS 254
`GENERALIZED RECEIVER: THE SUPERHETERODYNE
`RECEIVER 256
`Example 4-2 AM Broadcast Receiver 257
`Amplitude Modulation and Double-Sideband
`Suppressed Carrier
`AMPLITUDE MODULATION 259
`Example 4-3 Power of an AM Signal 262
`AM BROADCAST TECHNICAL STANDARDS 265
`DOUBLE-SIDEBAND SUPPRESSED CARRIER 267
`COSTAS LOOP FOR DEMODULATING A DSC-SC SIGNAL OR
`A BPSK SIGNAL 267
`Single Sideband and Vestigial Sideband
`Angle Modulation: Phase Modulation and
`Frequency Modulation
`REPRESENTATION OF PM AND FM SIGNALS 274
`SPECTRA OF ANGLE MODULATED SIGNALS 279
`Example 4-4 Spectrum of a PM or FM signal with
`Sinusoidal Modulation 279
`NARROWBAND ANGLE MODULATION 283
`WIDEBAND FREQUENCY MODULATION 284
`Example 4-5 Spectrum of WBFM with Triangular
`Modulation 285
`PREEMPHASIS AND DEEMPHASIS IN ANGLE MODULATED
`SYSTEMS 287
`FM BROADCAST TECHNICAL STANDARDS 289
`DOLBY AND DBX NOISE REDUCTION SYSTEMS 289
`Summary
`Problems
`
`4-4
`
`4-5
`
`4-6
`4-7
`
`4-8
`
`*% BANDPASS COMMUNIGATION SYSTEMS
`5-l
`Introduction
`Digital Communication SYstems
`5-2
`BINARY SIGNALING 306
`
`254
`
`259
`
`268
`
`274
`
`292
`292
`
`305
`
`305
`306
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`xvtlr
`
`CC,NTENTS
`
`On-Off Keying (OOK) 308
`Binary-Phase Shift Keying (B4SK) 309
`Frequency Shifi Keying (FSK) 3ll
`Example 5-l Spectrum of the Bell 103 Type FSK
`Modem 313
`MULTILEVEL SIGNALING 319
`Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (epSK) and M_ary phase
`Shift Keying (MPSK) 320
`Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (eAM) 321
`PSD for MPSK and QAM 323
`Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) 326
`Common Carrier Systems
`TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING 332
`FREQUENCYDIVISIONMULTIPLEXING 332
`Example 5-2 FM Stereo 332
`FDM TELEPHONE HIERARCHY 335
`TELEPHONE SYSTEMS 335
`CAPACITIES OF COMMON CARRIER LINKS 337
`Satellite Communication Systems
`TELEVISIONSIGNALTRANSMISSION 343
`DATA AND TELEPHONE SIGNAL MULTIPLE ACCESS 344
`Example 5-3 Fixed Assigned Multiple Access Mode Using
`an FDMA Format 347
`Example 54 SPADE System 347
`Received Signal-to-Noise Ratio
`SIGNAL POWER RECEIVED 35I
`THERMALNOISE SOURCES 354
`CHARACTERIZATION OF NOISE SOURCES 355
`NOISE CHARACTERIZATION OF LINEAR DEVICES 356
`NOISE CHARACTERIZATION OF CASCADED LINEAR
`DEVICES 361
`LINK BUDGET FOR EVALUATION 363
`Eb/N,LINK BUDGET FOR DIGITAL SYSTEMS 365
`Example 5-5 Link Budget Evaluation for a TV Receive_
`Only Terminal for Satellite Signals 366
`Fiber Optic Systems
`Example 5-6 Link Budget for a Fiber Optic System 371
`Spread Spectrum Systems
`DIRECT SEQUENCE 374
`FREQUENCY HOPPTNG 379
`Television
`BLACK-AND-WHITE TELEVISION 380
`STEREO SOUND 385
`COLORTELEVISION 386
`STANDARDS FOR TV AND CATV SYSTEMS 393
`
`5-3
`
`5-4
`
`5-5
`
`5-6
`
`5-7
`
`5-8
`
`330
`
`340
`
`35r
`
`371
`
`373
`
`380
`
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`CCtNTENTB
`5-9 Summary
`Problems
`
`ffi RANDOM PBOCESSES AIUD SPEGTRAL ANALYSIS
`6-1 Some Basic Definitions
`RANDOM PROCESSES 408
`STATIONARITY AND ERGODICITY 410
`Example 6-l First-Order Stationarity 4ll
`Example 6-2 An Ergodic Random Process 413
`CORRELATION FUNCTIONS AND WIDE-SENSE
`STATIONARITY 414
`COMPLEX RANDOM PROCESSES 417
`6-2 Power SPectral DensitY
`DEFINITION 418
`WIENER-KHINTCHINE THEOREM 420
`PROPERTIES OF PSD 422
`Example 6-3 Evaluation of the PSD for a Polar Baseband
`Signal 423
`A GENERAL FORMULA FOR THE PSD OF BASEBAND
`DIGITAL SIGNALS 427
`WHITE NOISE PROCESSES 428
`MEASUREMENT OF PSD 429
`Analog Techniques 429
`Numerical ComPutation of PSD 429
`6-3 Dc and Rms Values for Random Processes
`6-4 Linear SYstems
`INPUT-OUTPUT RELATIONSHIPS 432
`Example 64 Output Autocorrelation and PSD for an RC
`Low-Pass Filter 435
`Example 6-5 Signal-to-Noise Ratio at the Output of an RC
`LPF 436
`6-5 Bandwidth Measures
`EQUIVALENT BANDWIDTH 437
`RMS BANDWIDTH 437
`Example 6-6 Equivalent Bandwidth and Rms Bandwidth for
`an RC Low-Pass Filter 439
`6-6 The Gaussian Random Process
`PROPERTIES OF GAUSSIAN PROCESSES ZI41
`Example 6-7 A White Gaussian Noise Process 444
`6-7 Bandpass Processes
`BANDPASS REPRESENTATIONS 444
`PROPERTIES OF WIDE-SENSE STATIONARY BANDPASS
`PROCESSES 448
`
`xtx
`
`397
`398
`
`408
`
`408
`
`418
`
`430
`432
`
`437
`
`MO
`
`444
`
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`xx
`
`CCTNTENTE
`
`Example 6-8 Spectra for the euadrature Components of
`White Bandpass Noise 451
`Example 6-9 PSD for a BpSK Signal 452
`PROOFS OF SOME PROPERTIES 452
`Example 6-10 PDF for the Envelope and phase Functions
`of a Gaussian Bandpass Process 455
`Matched Fitters
`GENERAL RESULTS 458
`RESULTS FOR WHITE NOISE 460
`Example 6-ll Integrate-and-Dump (Matched) Filter 462
`CORRELATION PROCESSING 464
`Example 6-12 Matched Filter for Detection of a BpSK
`Signal 465
`TRANSVERSAL MATCHED FILTER 467
`Summary
`Problems .
`
`6-8
`
`6-9
`
`Y PERFoRMANcE oF coMMUNIGATIoN sYSTEMS
`CORRUPTED BY NOISE
`7-l Error Probabilities for Binary Signaling
`GENERAL RESULTS 482
`RESULTS FOR GAUSSIAN NOISE 485
`RESULTS FOR WHITE GAUSSIAN NOISE AND MATCHED
`FILTER RECEPTION 487
`RESULTS FOR COLORED GAUSSIAN NOISE AND MATCHED
`FILTER RECEPTION 488
`7-2 Performance of Baseband Binary Systems
`UNIPOLAR SIGNALING 489
`POLAR SIGNALING 490
`7-3 Coherent Detection of Bandpass Binary Signals
`ON.OFF KEYING 492
`BINARY PHASE SHIFT KEYING 494
`FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING 495
`7-4 Noncoherent Detection of Bandpass Binary Signals
`ON-OFF KEYING 499
`FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING 503
`DIFFERENTIAL PHASE SHIFI KEYING 505
`7-S Quadrature Phase Shift Keying and Minimum
`Shift Keying
`7-6 Comparison of Digital Signating Systems
`BIT ERROR RATE AND BANDWIDTH 5IO
`SYNCHRONIZATION 5II
`
`458
`
`469
`471
`
`481
`
`482
`
`89
`
`492
`
`499
`
`507
`510
`
`PETITIONERS EXHIBIT 1012
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`CC'NTENTEt
`
`7-7
`7-8
`
`7-9
`
`7-10
`
`Output Signal-to-Noise Ratio for PCM Systems
`Output Signal-to'Noise Ratios for Analog Systems
`BASEBAND SYSTEMS 518
`AM SYSTEMS WITH PRODUCT DETECTION 5I9
`AM SYSTEMS WITH ENVELOPE DETECTION 52O
`DSB-SC SYSTEMS 522
`SSB SYSTEMS 522
`PM SYSTEMS 523
`FM SYSTEMS 527
`FM SYSTEMS WITH THRESHOLD EXTENSION 529
`FM SYSTEMS WITH DEEMPHASIS 532
`Comparison of Analog Signaling Systems
`IDEAL SYSTEM PERFORMANCE 536
`Summary
`Problems
`
`ffi OPTIMUM DIGITAL BECEIVEBS
`8-l
`Introduction
`8-2 OptimizationCriteria
`BAYES CRITERION 548
`Example 8-l Bayes Criterion for a Binary Source 549
`MINIMAX CRITERION 55I
`NEYMAN_PEARSON CRITERION 55I
`MAXIMUM A POSTERIORI CRITERION 551
`8-3 N-Dimensional Vector SPace
`SIGNAL REPRESENTATION 553
`GRAM_SCHMIDT ORTHOGONALIZATION
`PROCEDURE 557
`Example 8-2 Vectors for a Rectangular Waveform
`Set 559
`VECTOR CHANNELS AND RELEVANT NOISE 562
`PDF FOR THE NOISE VECTOR 564
`8-4 MAP Receiver
`DECISION RULE FOR THE ADDITIVE WHITE GAUSSIAN
`NOISE CHANNEL 566
`RECEIVERSTRUCTURES 568
`8-S Probability of Error for MAP Receivers
`Example 8-3 Binary Signaling 574
`Example 8-4 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
`Signaling 576
`Example B'5 Pulse Code Modulation Signaling 578
`UNION BOUND 580
`
`xxr
`
`512
`518
`
`s35
`
`537
`537
`
`547
`
`547
`548
`
`553
`
`566
`
`574
`
`PETITIONERS EXHIBIT 1012
`Page 19 of 49
`
`

`

`xxlt
`
`CC,NTENTA
`
`Example 8-6 Quantized pulse position Modulation
`Signaling 581
`8-6 Random Phase and Fading Channels
`DOUBLE-SIDEBAND TRANSMISSION WITH RANDOM
`PHASE 583
`PROBABILITY OF ERROR FOR ORTHOGONAL BINARY
`RANDOM-PHASE SIGNALING 59I
`Example 8-7 FSK Orthogonal Signaling 593
`FADING CHANNELS 593
`Example 8-8 Probability of Error for a Fading Channel with
`FSK Signaling 595
`8-7 Bit Error Rate for DPSK Signaling
`8-8 Coding
`BLOCK CODES 603
`Example 8-9 Hamming Code 605
`CONVOLUTIONALCODES 605
`CODE PERFORMANCE 609
`8-9 Summary
`Problems
`
`APPENDIX A MATHEMATICALTECHNIOUES,
`IDENTITIES, AND TABLES
`A-l Trigonometry
`A-2 DifferentialCalculus
`A-3 IndeterminateForms
`A-4 Integral Calculus
`A-5 Integral Tables
`A-6 Series Expansions
`A-7 Hilbert Transform Pairs
`A-8 The Dirac Delta Function
`A-9 Tabulation of Sa(x) = (sin x)/x
`A-10 Tabulation of Qk)
`
`APPENDIX B PBOBABILITY AND RANDOM
`UABIABLES
`B-l Introduction
`B-2 Sets
`B-3 Probability and Relative Frequency
`B-4 Random Variables
`B-5 Cumulative Distribution Functions and probability
`Density Functions
`8-6 Ensemble Average and Moments
`
`583
`
`597
`601
`
`6tt
`612
`
`6r8
`618
`619
`621
`621
`622
`625
`627
`627
`629
`630
`
`632
`632
`633
`634
`637
`
`638
`644
`
`PETITIONERS EXHIBIT 1012
`Page 20 of 49
`
`

`

`CCINTENTB
`
`B.-7 Examples of Important Distributions
`B-E Functional Transformations of Random Variables
`B-9 MultivariateStatistics
`Problems
`
`APPENOIX G STANDARDS AND TEBMINOLOGY
`FOB GOMPUTER COMMUNIGATIONS
`C-l Codes
`C-2 DTE/DCE Interface Standards
`C-3 The ISO OSI Network Model
`C-4 Data Link Control Protocols
`C-5 Telephone Line Standards
`C-6 Modem Standards
`C-7 Brief Computer Communications Glossary
`
`BEFERENGES
`
`ANSWEBS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS
`
`INDEX
`
`xxill
`
`647
`656
`661
`670
`
`676
`676
`681
`687
`689
`69r
`692
`692
`
`697
`
`704
`
`713
`
`PETITIONERS EXHIBIT 1012
`Page 21 of 49
`
`

`

`PETITIONERS EXHIBIT 1012
`Page 22 of 49
`
`PETITIONERS EXHIBIT 1012
`Page 22 of 49
`
`

`

`fuffiffiW ffiW ffiWffiffiffiMffi
`
`There are not enough symbols in the English and Greek alphabets to allow the
`use of each letter only once. Consequently, some symbols may be used to denote
`more than one entity, but their use should be clear from the context. Further-
`more, the symbols are chosen to be generally the same as those used in the
`associated mathematical discipline. For example, in the context of complex
`variables, x denotes the real part of a complex number (i'e', c : x * iy),
`whereas in the context of statistics x might denote a random variable.
`
`Symbols
`
`A constant
`
`Quadrature Fourier series coeffi cient
`Level of modulated signal of carrier frequency /.
`
`Effective area of an antenna
`
`Quadrature Fourier series coefficient
`
`an
`
`an
`
`A,
`
`A"
`
`bn
`
`xxv
`
`PETITIONERS EXHIBIT 1012
`Page 23 of 49
`
`

`

`LIAT ClF AYMBC,LS
`
`Baseband bandwidth
`
`Bandpass filter bandwidth
`
`Transmission (bandpass) bandwidth
`
`Acomplexnumberwherec = x + jy
`
`A constant
`
`Complex Fourier series coefficient
`
`Channel capacity
`
`Capacitance
`
`Cost matrix
`
`Average cost
`
`Degrees Celsius
`
`xxvi
`
`B B
`
`p
`
`BT
`
`c {
`
`cn
`
`C C C e O
`
`C
`
`dB
`
`Decibel
`
`Dimensions/sec (D = N/Io) or baud rate
`
`Frequency modulation gain constant
`
`Polar Fourier series coefficient
`
`Phase modulation gain constant
`
`Error
`
`The natural number, 2.7183
`
`Modulation efficiency
`
`Energy
`
`Energy spectral density (ESD)
`
`Energy per biUnoise power spectral density ratio
`
`Frequency (Hz)
`
`D D
`
`f
`
`Dn
`
`DP
`
`e e E E 8
`
`(f)
`
`EbtN,
`f
`
`PETITIONERS EXHIBIT 1012
`Page 24 of 49
`
`

`

`LIST CIF ETYMEICILEi
`
`f(x)
`
`Probabiliry density function (pdf;
`
`xxvll
`
`Carrier frequency
`
`Instantaneous frequencY
`
`A(frequency)constant;thefundamentalfrequencyofaperiodicwaveform
`
`Sampling frequencY
`
`Noise figure
`
`Cumulative distribution function (cdO
`
`Complex envelope
`
`Comrpted complex enveloPe
`
`Power gain
`
`Power transfer function
`Planck's constant, 6.2 x lO-34 joule-sec
`
`Impulse response of a linear network
`
`Mapping function of .r into lr(r)
`
`Entropy
`
`f,
`
`f,
`
`fo
`
`f,
`
`F F
`
`(a)
`
`8(r)
`
`Z$t
`
`G G
`
`(f)
`
`h h
`
`(t)
`
`h(x)
`
`H H
`
`i I
`
`j
`
`j
`
`k k k
`
`(t)
`
`K
`
`(f)
`
`Transfer function of a linear network
`
`An integer
`
`Information in the jth message
`The imaginary number VIJ
`Boltzmann's constant, 1.38 x l0-23 joule/K
`
`An integer
`
`Complex impulse response of a bandpass network
`
`Number of bits in a binary word that represents a digital message
`
`PETITIONERS EXHIBIT 1012
`Page 25 of 49
`
`

`

`xxvaii
`
`LISTT clF EIYMBCILE
`
`Degrees Kelvin ('C + 273)
`
`An integer
`
`Number of bits per dimension
`
`Inductance
`
`Number of levels permitted
`
`An integer
`
`Mean value
`
`Message (modulation) waveform
`
`Comrpted (noisy received) message
`
`An integer
`
`Number of messages permitted
`
`An integer
`
`Number of bits in message
`
`Noise waveform
`
`An integer
`
`Number of dimensions used to represent a digital message
`
`Noise power
`
`Level of the power spectral density of white noise
`
`An absolutely time-limited pulse waveform
`
`Instantaneous power
`
`K I ( L L m m m
`
`(t)
`
`*(t)
`
`M M n n n
`
`(t)
`
`N N N N
`
`,
`
`p(t)
`
`p(t)
`
`p(m)
`
`Probability density function of frequency modulation
`
`Average power
`
`Probability of bit error
`
`P P
`
`PETITIONERS EXHIBIT 1012
`Page 26 of 49
`
`

`

`xxlx
`
`LIEIT CtF EIYMBclLEi
`
`P(C) Probabitity of correct decision
`
`P(E) Probability of message error
`g(f) Power spectral densitY (PSD)
`
`QQ) Integral of a Gaussian function
`
`Q(xr) Quantized value of the kth sample value, xo
`r(t)
`
`Received signal Plus noise
`
`R
`
`R
`
`Data rate (bits/sec)
`
`Resistance
`
`R(r) Real envelope
`
`R(r) Autocorrelation function
`
`s(r)
`
`;(r)
`
`Signal
`
`Comrpted signal
`
`S/N Signal power/noise power ratio
`r
`
`Time
`
`T
`
`T
`Tb
`
`T,
`
`To
`T,
`
`To
`
`4
`utr
`
`A time interval
`
`Absolute temperature (Kelvin)
`
`Bit period
`
`Effective input-noise temperature
`
`Duration of a transmitted symbol or message
`
`Period of a periodic waveform
`
`Standard room temperature (290 K)
`
`Sampling period
`
`Covariance
`
`PETITIONERS EXHIBIT 1012
`Page 27 of 49
`
`

`

`LIAT C,F AYMBCILS
`
`A voltage waveform
`
`A bandpass waveform or a bandpass random process
`
`A waveform
`
`Spectrum (Fourier transform) of w(r)
`
`An input
`
`A random variable
`
`Real part of a complex function or a complex constant
`
`A random process
`
`An output
`
`An output random variable
`
`Imaginary part of a complex function or a complex constant
`
`A random process
`
`A constant
`
`A constant
`
`Frequency modulation index
`
`Phase modulation index
`
`Step size of delta modulation
`
`Impulse (Dirac delta function)
`
`Peak frequency deviation
`
`Peak phase deviation
`
`A constant
`
`Error
`
`Spectral efficiency [(bits/sec)/Hz]
`
`xxx
`
`v(t)
`
`v(t)
`
`w(t)
`
`w(f)
`
`x x x x
`
`(t)
`
`v v v y
`
`(t)
`
`c B 9
`
`r
`
`g,
`
`6 6
`
`(r)
`
`AT
`
`AE
`
`€€
`
`rl
`
`PETITIONERS EXHIBIT 1012
`Page 28 of 49
`
`

`

`xxx!
`
`Dummy variable of integration
`
`LIAT clF AYME CILB
`e(r) Phase waveform
`tr
`tr
`Wavelength
`A(r) Likelihood ratio
`11
`p
`
`3.14159
`
`Correlation coefficient
`
`ty
`
`T
`
`T
`
`Standard deviation
`
`Independent variable of autocorrelation function
`
`Pulse width
`
`er(r)
`
`Orthogonal function
`
`Polar Fourier series coefficient
`
`Radian carrier freqtencY, 2tf ,
`
`Mathematical equivalents
`
`Mathematical definition of a symbol
`
`Defined functions
`
`Bessel function of the first kind nth order
`
`Natural logarithm
`
`0,
`
`(oc
`
`= 4
`
`J
`"(')
`ln(')
`
`log(')
`
`Base l0 logarithm
`
`logr(')
`
`Base 2logarithm
`
`QQ)
`
`Integral of a Gaussian probability density function
`
`Sa(z)
`
`(sin z)/z
`
`u(')
`
`Unit step function
`
`PETITIONERS EXHIBIT 1012
`Page 29 of 49
`
`

`

`LIBT C'F ETYMETGILEi
`
`xxxii
`A(.) Triangle function
`II('t
`
`Rectangle lunction
`
`Operator notation
`Im{'} Imaginary part of
`
`Re{.} Real part of
`
`tJ
`(t'l)
`
`Ensemble average
`
`Time average
`
`t'l * t'l Convolution
`
`[']*
`
`[7
`
`Conjugate
`
`Angle operator
`
`It.tl Absolute value
`tfl
`Hilbert transform
`Wl-l Fourier transform
`gl.l
`
`Laplace transform
`
`['] . ['] Dot product
`
`PETITIONERS EXHIBIT 1012
`Page 30 of 49
`
`

`

`CHAFTEFI
`
`Bandpass Signaling
`Techniques and
`Gomponents
`
`4-1
`
`INTRODUCTION
`
`This chapter is concerned with bandpass signaling techniques. These are appli-
`cable to both digital and analog communication systems. As indicated in Chapter
`l, the bandpass communication signal is obtained by modulating the baseband
`signal onto a carrier. The baseband signal might be an analog signal, such as
`that obtained directly from a microphone, or it might be digital, such as a PCM
`signal as discussed in Chapter 3. Here the classical bandpass signaling tech-
`niques of amplitude modulation, single-sideband, and angle modulation will be
`studied in detail. Classical modulation theory is directly applicable to rhe un-
`derstanding of digital bandpass signaling techniques that are studied in Chapter
`5.
`
`For a better understanding of the implementation of communication systems,
`a description of communication component blocks such as filters, amplifiers,
`up-and-down converters, and detectors is covered in Sec. 4-3. (This section may
`be skipped if this material has been covered in electronics courses.)
`Block diagrams for the various types of transmitters and receivers will be
`
`PETITIONERS EXHIBIT 1012
`Page 31 of 49
`
`

`

`4.2 FIEPFIEETENTATICIN ClF EIANE,PAEiEi WAVEFCIFIMEI
`
`2Cl3
`
`illustrated and analyzed. In addition to the theory, practical aspects of transmitter
`and receiver design will be emphasized.
`First, we will study the mathematical basis of modulation theory.
`
`4-2
`
`BEPRESENTATION OF BANDPASS WAVEFOBMS
`AND SYSTEMS
`
`What is a general representation for bandpass digital and analog signals? How
`do we represent a modulated signal? How do we represent bandpass noise?
`These are some of the questions that are answered in this section.
`
`Definitions: Baseband, Bandpass, and Modulation
`
`Definition. A baseband waveform has a spectral magnitude that is nonzero
`for frequencies in the vicinity of the origin (i.e., f : 0) and negligible
`elsewhere.
`Definition, A bandpass waveform has a spectral magnitude that is nonzero
`for frequencies in some band concentrated about a frequency / : +/., where
`f , >> 0. The spectral magnitude is negligible elsewhere. /. is called the
`caruier frequency.
`For bandpass waveforms the value of /. may be arbitrarily assigned for math-
`ematical convenience in some problems. In others, namely, modulation prob-
`lems, /. is the frequency of an oscillatory signal in the transmitter circuit and
`is the assigned frequency of the transmitter, such as, for example, 850 kHz for
`an AM broadcasting station.
`In communication problems, the information source signal is usually a base-
`band signal: for example, a transistor-transistor logic (TTL) waveform from a
`digital circuit, an audio signal from a microphone, or a video signal from a
`television camera. As described in Chapter 1, the communication engineer has
`the job of building a system that will transfer the information in this source
`signal n(r) to the desired destination. As shown in Fig. 4-1, this usually requires
`the use of a bandpass signal, s(t), which has a bandpass spectrum that i