To:
`Subject:
`Sent:
`Sent As:
`
`Adam E. Schwartz(aschwartz@schwartzip.com)
`U.S. Trademark Application Serial No. 97200253 - US US COLLECTIVE
`October 26, 2022 11:36:11 AM EDT
`tmng.notices@uspto.gov
`
`Attachments
`
`screencapture-www-merriam-webster-com-dictionary-us-16667984115351
`screencapture-en-wikipedia-org-wiki-United_States-16667984435671
`screencapture-www-merriam-webster-com-dictionary-collective-16667985109301
`
`United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO)
`Office Action (Official Letter) About Applicant’s Trademark Application
`
`
`
`U.S. Application Serial No.  97200253
`
`Mark:   US US COLLECTIVE
`
`Correspondence Address:  
`ADAM E. SCHWARTZ
`SCHWARTZ INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW, PLLC
`244 5TH AVE.
`#2157
`NEW YORK NY 10001 UNITED STATES
`
`Applicant:   Powell, Steven B.
`
`Reference/Docket No.  N/A
`
`Correspondence Email Address:   aschwartz@schwartzip.com
`
`
`
`
`
`
`NONFINAL OFFICE ACTION
`
`The USPTO must receive applicant’s response to this letter within six months of the issue date
`below or the application will be abandoned.  Respond using the Trademark Electronic Application
`System (TEAS).  A link to the appropriate TEAS response form appears at the end of this Office 
`action.  
`
`Issue date:   October 26, 2022
`
`The referenced application has been reviewed by the assigned trademark examining attorney. Applicant
`
`

`

`must respond timely and completely to the issues below. 15 U.S.C. §1062(b); 37 C.F.R. §§2.62(a),
`2.65(a); TMEP §§711, 718.03.
`
`SEARCH OF USPTO DATABASE OF MARKS 
`
`The trademark examining attorney has searched the USPTO database of registered and pending marks
`and has found no conflicting marks that would bar registration under Trademark Act Section 2(d). 15
`U.S.C. §1052(d); TMEP §704.02.
`
`SUMMARY OF ISSUES:
`
`
`•
`•
`
`Section 2(e)(2) Refusal
`Partial Identification Requirement
`
`
`SECTION 2(e)(2) REFUSAL- PRIMARILY GEOGRAPHIC REFUSAL
`
`Registration is refused because the applied-for mark is primarily geographically descriptive of the
`origin of applicant’s goods and/or services. Trademark Act Section 2(e)(2), 15 U.S.C. §1052(e)(2); see
`TMEP §§1210, 1210.01(a).
`
` A
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
` mark is primarily geographically descriptive when the following is demonstrated:
`
`The primary significance of the mark to the purchasing public is a
`(1)       
`generally known location;
`
`(2)       
`
`The goods or services originate in the place identified in the mark; and
`
`The purchasing public would be likely to believe that the goods or
`(3)       
`services originate in the geographic place identified in the mark; that is, to make a
`goods-place or services-place association.
`
`
`See Spiritline Cruises LLC v. Tour Mgmt. Servs., Inc., 2020 USPQ2d 48324, at *5 (TTAB 2020) (citing
`In re Nantucket, Inc., 677 F.2d 95, 96-97, 213 USPQ 889, 891 (C.C.P.A. 1982)); see also In re
`Newbridge Cutlery Co., 776 F.3d 854, 860-61, 113 USPQ2d 1445, 1448-49 (Fed. Cir. 2015); In re
`Societe Generale des Eaux Minerales de Vittel S.A., 824 F.2d 957, 959, 3 USPQ2d 1450, 1452 (Fed.
`Cir. 1987); In re JT Tobacconists, 59 USPQ2d 1080, 1081 (TTAB 2001)); TMEP §1210.01(a).
`
`The attached internet evidence demonstrates the wording "US" refers to the United States, a generally
`known geographic location.  Moreover, applicant's address and citizenship indicate that applicant's
`goods are provided in the United States. 
`
`While applicant has added the wording "COLLECTIVE", the attached internet evidence demonstrates
`the wording "COLLECTIVE" means "of, relating to, or being a group of individuals".   The addition of
`generic or highly descriptive wording to a geographic word or term does not diminish that geographic
`word or term’s primary geographic significance. TMEP §1210.02(c)(ii); see, e.g., Spiritline Cruises
`LLC v. Tour Mgmt. Servs., Inc., 2020 USPQ2d 48324, at *6-7 (TTAB 2020) (holding CHARLESTON
`HARBOR TOURS primarily geographically descriptive of various travel tour and cruise services
`because TOURS is generic for the services and CHARLESTON HARBOR is a well-known harbor in
`Charleston, South Carolina); In re Hollywood Lawyers Online, 110 USPQ2d 1852, 1853-54 (TTAB
`
`

`

`2014) (holding HOLLYWOOD LAWYERS ONLINE primarily geographically descriptive of attorney
`referrals, online business information, and an online business directory).   Here, where applicant has
`added the wording "COLLECTIVE", that wording does not detract from the geographic significance of
`the marks as it merely conveys that applicant's goods are provided by a business group.
`
`Goods are considered to originate from a geographic location when the record shows that the goods are
`sold there, manufactured or produced there, packaged and shipped from there, and/or contain a main
`ingredient or component derived from there. See, e.g., City of London Distillery, Ltd. v. Hayman Grp.
`Ltd., 2020 USPQ2d 11487, at *9-10 (TTAB 2020) (holding applicant’s gin originated within or near
`the city limits of London, because it was distilled in London and bottled just outside of London); In re
`Joint-Stock Co. “Baik,” 80 USPQ2d 1305, 1310 (TTAB 2006) (holding applicant’s vodka originated
`from BAIKALSKAYA, a Russian word meaning “from Baikal,” because it was made from the water
`of Lake Baikal and applicant produced various vodkas from a location near Lake Baikal); In re JT
`Tobacconists, 59 USPQ2d 1080, 1083 (TTAB 2001) (holding applicant’s cigars, cigar cases, and
`humidors originated from MINNESOTA because
`they were packaged and shipped from
`MINNESOTA, and applicant’s business was located in MINNESOTA); TMEP §1210.03.
`
` A
`
` goods-place or services-place association may be presumed where (1) the location in the mark is
`generally known to the purchasing public, (2) the term’s geographical significance is its primary
`significance, and (3) the goods and/or services do, in fact, originate from the named location in the
`mark. TMEP §1210.04; see, e.g., In re Cal. Pizza Kitchen Inc., 10 USPQ2d 1704, 1705 (TTAB 1988)
`(finding a services-place association was presumed between applicant’s restaurant services and
`California because the services originated in California); In re Handler Fenton Ws., Inc., 214 USPQ
`848, 850 (TTAB 1982) (finding a goods-place association was presumed between applicant’s t-shirts
`and Denver because the goods had their geographical origin in Denver); see also In re Nantucket, Inc.,
`677 F.2d 95, 102, 213 USPQ 889, 895 (C.C.P.A. 1982) (Nies, J., concurring) (“[W]e must start with the
`concept that a geographic name of a place of business is a descriptive term when used on the goods of
`that business. There is a public goods/place association, in effect, presumed.” (internal footnote
`removed)).
`
`Therefore, as the applied-for mark is primarily merely geographically descriptive, registration is
`refused under Trademark Act Section 2(e)(2).
`
`Response Options
`
`The applied-for mark has been refused registration on the Principal Register. Applicant may respond to
`the refusal by submitting evidence and arguments in support of registration and/or by amending the
`application to seek registration on the Supplemental Register. See 15 U.S.C. §1091; 37 C.F.R. §§2.47,
`2.75(a); TMEP §§801.02(b), 816. Amending to the Supplemental Register does not preclude applicant
`from submitting evidence and arguments against the refusal(s). TMEP §816.04.
`
`However, a mark in an application under Trademark Act Section 1(b) is not eligible for registration on
`the Supplemental Register until an acceptable amendment to allege use under 37 C.F.R. §2.76 has been
`filed. 37 C.F.R. §§2.47(d), 2.75(b); TMEP §§815.02, 1102.03. When a Section 1(b) application is
`successfully amended to the Supplemental Register, the application effective filing date will be the date
`applicant met the minimum filing requirements under 37 C.F.R. §2.76(c) for the amendment to allege
`use. TMEP §§816.02, 1102.03; see 37 C.F.R. §2.75(b).
`
`Although applicant’s mark has been refused registration, applicant may respond to the refusal by
`
`

`

`submitting evidence and arguments in support of registration. However, if applicant responds to the
`refusal, applicant must also respond to the requirement set forth below.
`
`PARTIAL IDENTIFICATION REQUIREMENT
`
`THIS REQUIREMENT APPLIES TO THE GOODS SPECIFIED HEREIN ONLY
`
`Temporary technical issue with U.S. Acceptable Identification of Goods and Services Manual (ID
`Manual) in USPTO application forms. On the date your application was filed, the USPTO was
`experiencing a technical issue with the ID Manual used in the initial application form in the USPTO’s
`Trademark Electronic Application System (TEAS). While this issue has since been corrected, this
`application includes classification and/or identifications of goods or services from outdated versions of
`the ID Manual that are not currently acceptable at the USPTO. These unacceptable classification and/or
`identifications must be amended to agree with current requirements in the 2022 versions of the Nice
`Agreement Eleventh Edition and the ID Manual. See Nice Classification, 11th ed., version 2022 (Nice
`11-2022); TMEP §1402.04. See elsewhere in this Office action for this requirement(s). The USPTO
`appreciates applicant’s patience and assistance in correcting these errors.
`
`For TEAS Plus applications, no additional processing fee is required to correct the classification and/or
`identification. See 37 C.F.R. §2.22(c).
`
`The wording “Body and beauty care preparations” in the identification of goods is indefinite and must
`be clarified because applicant must specify further what the preparations are. See 37 C.F.R. §2.32(a)(6);
`TMEP §1402.01. Applicant may substitute the following wording, if accurate:
`
`Class 3:  Blush; Cologne; Cosmetics; Foundation; Lipstick; Makeup; Mascara; Body and beauty care
`preparations, namely, body balm; Deodorant for personal use; Eye liner; Eye shadow; Eyebrow
`cosmetics; Hair color; Hair dye; Hair masks; Hair styling preparations; Lip balm; Lip gloss; Skin
`cleansers; Skin lotion; Skin masks; Skin toners; Skin care preparations, namely, body balm; Skin
`moisturizing gel; Body oil; Body scrubs; Facial concealer; Facial scrubs; Hair shampoo; Make-up
`powder; Make-up primer; Nonmedicated hair treatment preparations for cosmetic purposes; Non-
`medicated skin serums; Non-medicated preparations all for the care of skin, hair and scalp; Scented
`body spray; Skin bronzer
`
`Applicant may amend the identification to clarify or limit the goods and/or services, but not to broaden
`or expand the goods and/or services beyond those in the original application or as acceptably amended.
`See 37 C.F.R. §2.71(a); TMEP §1402.06. Generally, any deleted goods and/or services may not later be
`reinserted. See TMEP §1402.07(e).
`
`For assistance with identifying and classifying goods and services in trademark applications, please see
`the USPTO’s online searchable U.S. Acceptable Identification of Goods and Services Manual. See
`TMEP §1402.04.
`
`RESPONSE GUIDELINES
`
`Please call or email the assigned trademark examining attorney with questions about this Office action.
`Although an examining attorney cannot provide legal advice, the examining attorney can provide
`additional explanation about the refusal and requirement in this Office action. See TMEP §§705.02,
`709.06.
`
`

`

`
`The USPTO does not accept emails as responses to Office actions; however, emails can be used for
`informal communications and are included in the application record. See 37 C.F.R. §§2.62(c), 2.191;
`TMEP §§304.01-.02, 709.04-.05.
`
`How to respond.   Click to file a response to this nonfinal Office action.
`
`
`
`/Teague Avent/
`Teague Avent
`(571) 272-1219
`teague.avent@uspto.gov
`
`
`
`
`RESPONSE GUIDANCE
`
`•
`
`•
`
`•
`
`Missing the response deadline to this letter will cause the application to abandon.  The
`response must be received by the USPTO before midnight Eastern Time of the last day of the
`response period.  TEAS maintenance or unforeseen circumstances could affect an applicant’s
`ability to timely respond.
`
`Responses signed by an unauthorized party are not accepted and can cause the application to
`abandon.  If applicant does not have an attorney, the response must be signed by the individual
`applicant, all joint applicants, or someone with legal authority to bind a juristic applicant.  If
`applicant has an attorney, the response must be signed by the attorney.
`
`If needed, find contact information for the supervisor of the office or unit listed in the
`signature block.
`
`

`

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`* WordHistory
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`Etymology
`Pronoun
`Middle English, from Old English ds; akin to Old High German unsus, Latin nos
`
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`fal) A daily challenge for
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`“Us." Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-
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`US pronoun
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`Article
`
`United States
`;
`From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`Coordinates: ( 40°N 100°W
`Severalterms redirect here. For other uses, see America (disambiguation), US (disambiguation), USA (disambiguation), The United States ofAmerica (disambiguation) and United States (disambiguation).
`The United States ofAmerica (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America,is a country located in North America.
`It consists of 50 states, a federaldistrict, five major unincorporated
`-
`:
`ial
`territories, nine Minor Outlying Islands,”
`and 326 Indian reservations.It is the third-largest country by both land andtotal area."'
`The United States shares land borders with Canadatoits north and with Mexico toits south.It has
`Maritime borders with the Bahamas, Cuba, Russia, and othernations.with a population of ever 331 million,it is the third most populous country in the world. The nationalcapital is Washington, D.C., and the most populous
`CI
`
` —Se
`Seeeouee rare
`Paleo-aboriginals migrated from Siberia to the North American mainiandat least 12,000 years ago, and advancedcultures beganto appearlater on. These advanced cultures had almost completely deciined bythe time
`__—
`Europeancolonists arrived during the 16th century. The United States emergedfrom the Thirteen British Colonies when disputes with the British Crownovertaxation andpolitical representationled to the American Revolution
`Flag
`et
`(1765-1784), which established the nation's independence.
`In the late 18th century, the U.S. began expanding across North America, gradually obtaining newterritories, sometimesthrough war, frequently displacing Native
`coeOram
`Americans, and admitting new states. By 1848, the United States spanned thecontinentfromeast to west. The controversy surrounding thepracticeof slavery culminatedin the secessionof the Confederate States ofAmerica,
`MoH
`ag
`which fought the remaining states of the Union during the American Civil War (1861-1865). With the Union's victory and preservation, slavery was abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment.
`peregete -
`[show]
`Othertraditional mottos:!
`
`By 1900,the United States had becomethe world's largest economy, and the Spanish-American War and World War | established the country as a world power. After Japan's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in 1944, the U.S. re
`entered World WarII on theAllied side. The aftermath of the warleft the United States and the Soviet Union as the world's two superpowers. During the Cold War, both countries engagedin a struggle for ideological dominance
`but avoideddirectmilitary conflict. They also competed in the Space Race, which culminatedin the 1969 American spaceflightthatfirst landed humansonthe Moon. Simultaneously, thecivil rights movementled to legislation
`abolishing state andlocal Jim Crow laws andothercodified racial discrimination against African Americans. The Soviet Union's dissolution in 1991 endedthe Cold War, leaving the United States as the world's sole superpower. |
`
`= 8
`The September11 attacks in 2001 resulted in the United States launching the war on terror, which included the War inAfghanistan (2001-2021) and theIraq War (2003-2011).
`ZA
`‘
`TheUnited States is a federal republic with three separate branches of government,includinga bicameral legisiature.
`It is a liberal democracy and market economy;
`it ranks high in international measures of humanrights, quality
`£
`oflife, income and wealth, economic competitiveness, and education; andit has low levels of perceived corruption.
`It has high levels ofincarceration andinequality, allows capital punishment, andlacksuniversal health care. As a
`melting pot of cultures and ethnicities, the U.S. has been shaped by centuries of immigration
`TheUnitedStatesisa highlydevelopedcountry, anditseconomyaccountsforapproximatelyaquarterofglobalGDPand istheworld’s largestbyGDPatmarketexchangerates. Byvalue,theUnitedStates istheworld'slargest
`importer and second-largest exporter. Although it accountsforjust over 4.2% ofthe world's total population, the U.S. holds over 30% ofthe total wealth in the world, the largest share held by any country. The United States is a
`founding memberof the United Nations, World Bank,International Monetary Fund, Organization ofAmerican States, NATO, and is a permanent memberofthe United Nations Security Council. The country makes up more than a
`
`
`
`WHEEDIA
`‘The FreeEncyclopedia
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`third of globalmilitary spending andis the foremost military powerin the world and a leading political, cultural, and scientific force.
`Contents [hide]
`4 Eymology
`2 History
`2.1 Indigenous peoples and pre-Columbian history
`2.2 Europeansettlements
`2.3 Independence and early expansion
`2.4 Civil War and Reconstruction era
`2.5 Furtherimmigration, expansion,and industrialization
`2.6 World War I, Great Depression, and World WarIl
`2.7 Cold War and late 20th century
`3 Geography
`2.8 24st century
`5
`AA ZEMate
`3.2 Biodiversity and conservation
`salcsiiih
`SNeTOANC INES
`4.1 Federal government
`42 Political divisions
`,
`4.3 Foreign relations
`4.4 Military
`
`ate
`
`
`
`
`
`=
`3
`United States of America
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`Official languages
`Noneatthe federal
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`_National language
`English (de facto)
`Ethnic groups
`By race:(*)
`(2020)°0718)
`61.6% White
`6% Asian
`eee
`4.1% NativeAmerican
`0.2% Pacific Islander
`40.2% Multiracial
`8.4% Others
`By HispanicorLatino
`origin:
`81.3% Non-Hispanic or
`Latino
`18.7% Hispanic or
`aon
`
`
`
`

`

`
`
`
`
`4.5 Law enforcementandcrime
`5 Economy
`5.1 Income and poverty
`:
`5.2 Science,technology, and energy
`5.3 Transportation
`6 Demographics
`5 Tis Bopalabon:
`62 Language
`6.3 Religion
`Eo ancien
`65 Health
`6.6 Education
`7 Culture and society
`74 Literature and visual arts
`7.2 Cinemaand theater
`7.3 Music
`ede
`7. Food
`7.6 Sports
`8 See also
`9 Notes
`10 References
`11 Further reading
`12 Externallinks
`-
`
`Etymology
`Population
`Further information: Namesofthe United States, Namesior United Statescitizens, Naming of the Americas, Americas § Terminology, andAmerican (word)
`4 331,893,745°109)
`* 2021 estimate
`334,449.28481141 ard)
`+ 2020 census
`the name
`Thefirst known useof the name "America" dates to 1507, whenit appeared on a world mapproduced by the German cartographer Martin Waldseemiiller in Saint Dié, Lorraine (now northeastern France). On his map,
`871sq mi (33.6/km2)
`* Density
`is shown in largeletters on what would now be considered South America, honoring Amerigo Vespucci. The Italian explorer was the first to postulate that the West Indies did not representAsia's eastem limit but were part of a
`(485th)
`previously unknown landmass. 761271 in 1538,
`the Flemish cartographer Gerardus Mercator used the name "America"to referto the entire Western Hemisphere.24]
`2022 estimate
`" GDP (FPP)
`4825.03 trillion!
`* Total
`The first documentary evidence ofthe phrase "United States ofAmerica" dates from a January 2, 1776 letter written by Stephen Moylan to Joseph Reed. George Washington's aide-de-camp. Moylan expressed his wish to go
`2nd)
`
`“with full and ample powersfrom the United States of America to Spain" to seek assistance in the revolutionary wareffort °S159151] The first known publication of the phrase "United States ofAmerica” was in an anonymous essay|» Per capita 4.875,17919 cathy
`in The Virginia Gazette newspaperin Williamsburg, on April 6, 1776.27)SRRSKSomEaeEE~~~
`2022 estimate
`GDP(nominal)
`The second draft ofthe Articles ofConfederation and Perpetual Union, prepared by JohnDickinson and completed nolater than June 17, 1776, declared "The nameof this Confederation shall be the 'United States of
`* Total
`4. 825.03 trition!"®! (1st)
`
`America’."93] Thefinal version ofthe Articles, sent to thestates forratification in late 1777,stated that "TheStile ofthis Confederacy shall be ‘The United States ofAmerica’."4] in June 1776, ThomasJefferson wrote the phrase ace
`£875,179") (8th),
`“UNITED STATES OF AMERICA’in all capitalizedletters in the headlineof his "original Rough draught" ofthe Declaration of Independence 4I This draft of the documentdid not surface until June 21, 1776, and it is unclear
`Gini (2020)
`446.9078)
`whetherit was written before or after Dickinson used the term in his June 17 draft ofthe Articles of Confederation 59)
`fan
`HOI (2021)
`409211171
`
`It described a collection of states—e.g.. "the United States are..." The singular form became popularafter the end of the Civil War and is now standard usage. AThe phrase "United States" wasoriginally plural in American usage. very high-2ist
`
`In English, the word "American"rarely refers to topics or subjects not. |= a
`citizen of the United States is called an "American". "United States", "American", and "U.S."refer to the country adjectivally ("American values", "U.S. forces").
`Currency
`“US. dollar (§) (USD).
`directly connected with the United States251
`
`JTime zone UTO-4 to 12, +10, +11
`isto:eS=eeemursT|
`”
`+Summer (DST)
`UTC-4 to -1018!
`Date format
`mmiddtyyyy!")
`Hy.
`
`Main article: History of the United Statespavingma«On|fig
`LE Calling code
`Fora topical guide, see Outline ofUnited States history.
`+1
`Indigenous peoples and pre-Columbianhistory
`ISO 3166 code
`us
`Furtherinformation: NativeAmericansin the United States, Prehistory ofthe United States, and Pre-Columbian era
`It is generally acceptedthat the first inhabitants of North America migrated from Siberia by wayofthe Beringland bridge andarrived at least 12,000 years ago: however, some evidence suggests an even earlier date ofarrival 51571941
`The Clovis culture, which appeared around 11,000 BC,is believed to represent thefirst wave of humansettlementof the Americas.°9'4°! This waslikely the first of three major wavesof migration into North America:later waves.
`broughtthe ancestors of present-day Athabaskans,Aleuts, and Eskimos[1]
`
`Demonym(s)
`Government
`* President
`* Vice President
`+House Speaker
`efJustice
`
`Legistature
`* Upper house
`* Lower house
`
`3,796,742 sq miay
`(9,833,520 km?y1
`(Brd{dl)
`‘t66!21
`3,531,905 sq mi
`(9,147,590 km?} (3th)
`
`+ Water (%)
`+ Land area
`
`
`
`Religion (2021)"!
`
`63% Christianity
`—40% Protestantism
`—21% Catholicism
`—2% OtherChristian
`29% Noreligion
`6% Other
`2% Unanswered
`‘AmericantIt01
`Federalpresidential
`constitutional republic
`Joe Biden
`Kamala Harris
`Nancy Pelosi
`John Roberts
`Congress
`Senate
`House of
`Representatives
`Independencefrom GreatBritain
`July 4, 1776
`+ Declaration
`“Confederation
`March 1, 1781
`-Treaty of Pans
`September 3, 1783
`* Constitution
`June 21, 1788
`+ Last state
`August 21, 1959
`eaned
`a
`+ Total area
`
`
`
`|
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`

`
`
`Cliff Palace, located in present-day ©
`Colorado, was built by theAncestral
`Puebloansbetween AD 1190 and
`1260.
`
`a
`
`a
`
` freedom.In 1784, the Russians werethe first Europeansto establish a settlementin Alaska,at Three Saints Bay." The native population ofAmerica declined after Europeanarrival for various reasons, 5218951] primarily from
` Theoriginal Thirteen
`
`indigenous cultures in Norn America grew increasingly complex, and some, sucn as the pre-Columbian Mississippian Culture in the southeast, developed advanced agriculture, arcnitecture, and complex societies." Ine
`Over time,
`city-state of Cahokia is thelargest, most complex pre-Columbian archaeologicalsite in the modern-day United States.“*l in the Four Corners region, Ancestral Puebloanculture developed from centuries ofagricultural
`experimentation !“4l The Haudenasaunee, located in the southern Great Lakes region, was established at somepoint betweenthe twelfth andfifteenth centuries. “5! Most prominentalong the Atlantic coast were the Algonquiantribes,
`whopracticed hunting andtrapping, alongwith limited farming [5
`Estimating the native population of North America during European contact is difficult [*71!49 Douglas H. Ubelakerof the SmithsonianInstitution estimated a population of $3 thousandin the SouthAtlantic states and a population of 473,
`thousandin the Gulf states,but most academics regardthis figure as too low.!*7! Anthropologist Henry F. Dobyns believed the populations were much higher, suggesting around 1.1 million along the shores of the Gulf of Mexico, 2.2
`million people living between Florida and Massachusetts, 5.2 million in the Mississippi Valley andtributaries, and around 700,000 peoplein the Florida peninsula 471441
`Europeansettlements
`Furtherinformation: Colonialhistory of the United States
`Claims ofvery early colonization ofcoastal New England by the Norse are disputed and controversial. The first documented arrival of Europeansin the continental United States is that of Spanish conquistadors such as Juan Ponce de
`Leén, who madehis first expedition to Florida in 1513[tationneeded] The |talian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano,sent by Franceto the New World in 1525, encountered native inhabitants of what is now New York Bay.°l Even earlier,
`Christopher Columbushad landed in Puerto Rico on his 1493 voyage, and San Juan was setiled by the Spanish a decade later!*" The Spanishsetup thefirst settlements in Florida and New Mexico, such as Saint Augustine, often
`considered the nation'soldestcity,®2! and Santa Fe. The French establishedtheir own settlements along the Mississippi Riverand Gulf of Mexico, notably New Orleans and Mobite_#]
`Successful English settlement of the eastem coast of North America beganwith the Virginia Colony in 1607 at Jamestown andwith the Pilgrims’ colony at Plymouth in 1620,{541155] The continent's first elected legislative assembly,
`Virginia's House of Burgesses, was founded in 1619. Harvard College was established in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1636 asthefirst institution of higher education. The Mayflower Compact and the Fundamental Orders of
`Connecticutestablished precedents for representative self-governmentand constitutionalism that would develop throughouttheAmerican colonies °°] any English settlers were dissenting Christians wha came seekingreligious
`Mayflower ll, a replica ofine
`diseases such as smallpox and measles 97189)
`original Mayfiower, docked at
`In many
`In the early days ofcolonization, many European settlers were subject to foad shortages. disease, and attacks from Native Americans. Native Americans were also often fighting neighboring tribes and European settlers.
`Plymoutty, Massachusetts
`cases, however, the natives and settlers came to depend on eachother. Settlers traded for food and animalpelts: natives for guns,tools and other European goods.'°“! Natives taught manysettlers to cultivate com, beans, and other
`foodstuffs. European missionaries and othersfelt it was important to "civilize" the Native Americans and urged them to adopt European agricultural practices and lifestyles[551156] However, with the increased European colonization of NorthAmerica, Native Americans were
`displaced andoften killed during conflicts [7]
`Europeansettlers also began trafficking African slaves into Colonial America via thetransatlantic slave trade {58Because ofa lowerprevalence oftropical diseases andbetter treatment, slaves had a muchhigher life expectancy in North
`America than in South America, leading to a rapid increasein their numbers. 2° Colonial society was largely divided overthereligious and moralimplications ofslavery, and several colonies passed acts for or against the practice!"171
`However, by the tum of the 18th century,African slaves had supplanted European indentured servants as cash crop labor, especially in the American South 1731
`The Thirteen Colonies!that would becomethe United States of America