To:
`
`Subject:
`
`Sent:
`Sent As:
`
`Lavanya Ratnam(lavanya.ratnam@hq.dhs.gov)
`U.S. Trademark Application Serial No. 97298984 - UNITED STATES COAST
`GUARD NAVITA
`October 12, 2022 02:38:47 PM EDT
`tmng.notices@uspto.gov
`
`Attachments
`
`screencapture-www-todaysmilitary-com-ways-to-serve-service-branches-coast-guard-
`16655808160181
`screencapture-en-wikipedia-org-wiki-United_States-16655809189041
`
`United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO)
`Office Action (Official Letter) About Applicant’s Trademark Application
`
`
`
`U.S. Application Serial No.  97298984
`
`Mark:   UNITED STATES COAST GUARD NAVITA
`
`Correspondence Address:  
`Lavanya Ratnam
`DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY OFFICE OF THE GENE
`2707 MARTIN LUTHER KING JR AVE SE
`MAIL STOP 0485, OGC
`WASHINGTON DC 20528-0485 UNITED STATES
`
`Applicant:   United States Department of Homeland Security
`
`Reference/Docket No.  N/A
`
`Correspondence Email Address:   lavanya.ratnam@hq.dhs.gov
`
`
`
`
`
`
`NONFINAL OFFICE ACTION
`
`The USPTO must receive applicant’s response to this letter within six months of the issue date
`below or the application will be abandoned.  Respond using the Trademark Electronic Application
`System (TEAS).  A link to the appropriate TEAS response form appears at the end of this Office 
`action.  
`
`Issue date:   October 12, 2022
`
`Introduction
`
`

`

`
`The referenced application has been reviewed by the assigned trademark examining attorney. Applicant
`must respond timely and completely to the issue(s) below. 15 U.S.C. §1062(b); 37 C.F.R. §§2.62(a),
`2.65(a); TMEP §§711, 718.03.
`
`Summary of Issues
`
`
`•
`•
`•
`
`Search Results - No Conflicting Marks Found
`Identification of Goods & Services Indefinite - Amendment Required
`Disclaimer Required
`
`
`Search Results - No Conflicting Marks Found
`
`The trademark examining attorney has searched the USPTO database of registered and pending marks
`and has found no conflicting marks that would bar registration under Trademark Act Section 2(d). 15
`U.S.C. §1052(d); TMEP §704.02.
`
`Identification of Goods and Services Indefinite - Amendment Required
`
`
`The wording “downloadable software for use in the field of the credentialing, certification, Licensure,
`and regulation of mariners” in the identification of goods in Class 009 is indefinite and must be
`clarified because the purpose or function of the software must be specified.  See 37 C.F.R. §2.32(a)(6);
`TMEP §1402.01.  
`
`
`The wording “Professional credentialing services in the field of the credentialing, certification,
`licensure, and regulation of mariners;” in the identification of services in Class 035 is indefinite and
`must be clarified because the application must show the specific services provided and that these
`services are for business purposes.  See 37 C.F.R. §2.32(a)(6); TMEP §1402.01.  
`
`The wording “providing online nondownloadable software for use in the field of the credentialing,
`certification, licensure, and regulation of mariners” in the identification of services in Class 042 is
`indefinite and must be clarified because the purpose or function of the software must be specified.  See
`37 C.F.R. §2.32(a)(6); TMEP §1402.01.  
`
`Applicant may substitute the following wording, if accurate:
`
`
`•
`
`International Class 009: Downloadable software for {specify purpose or function, e.g.,
`document management} in the field of the credentialing, certification, licensure, and regulation
`of mariners; downloadable software for mariners to apply for, monitor, and renew credentials,
`submit fees, verify education and medical records, and monitor and verify sea service;
`downloadable software for medical professionals to verify patient medical records and provide
`medical certificates for use in the credentialing, certification, licensure, and regulation of
`mariners; downloadable software for maritime training providers to apply for, monitor, and
`renew approval of educational programs, verify student attendance, and provide student course
`completion data all for use in the credentialing, certification, licensure, and regulation of
`mariners; downloadable software for maritime employers to monitor and verify employees'
`credentials, certifications, and licenses, verify employee sea service, and facilitate payroll
`
`

`

`processing
`
`
`
`
`
`•
`
`•
`
`
`
`•
`
`International Class 035: Professional credentialing services in the nature of verifying and
`monitoring the credentialing, certification, licensure, and regulation of mariners for business
`purposes; providing a website featuring information in the field of the credentialing,
`certification, and licensure of mariners
`
`International Class 042: Providing on-line non-downloadable software for {specify purpose or
`function, e.g., document management} in the field of the credentialing, certification, licensure,
`and regulation of mariners; providing on-line non-downloadable software for mariners to apply
`for, monitor, and renew credentials, submit fees, verify education and medical records, and
`monitor and verify sea service; providing on-line non-downloadable software for medical
`professionals to verify patient medical records and provide medical certificates for use in the
`credentialing, certification, licensure, and regulation of mariners; providing on-line non-
`downloadable software for maritime training providers to apply for, monitor, and renew approval
`of educational programs, verify student attendance, and provide student course completion data
`all for use in the credentialing, certification, licensure, and regulation of mariners; providing on-
`line non-downloadable software for maritime employers to monitor and verify employees'
`credentials, certifications, and licenses, verify employee sea service, and facilitate payroll
`processing; providing an interactive website featuring technology that allows users to search a
`database relating to the credentials, licensure, certification, and regulation of mariners; electronic
`information storage services for maritime professionals, namely, electronic storage of
`information pertaining to mariners' credentials, certifications, and licenses
`
`International Class 045: Verifying and monitoring the credentials, certifications, and licenses of
`mariners to ensure public safety; providing a website featuring information in the field of the
`credentialing, certification, licensure, and regulation of mariners allowing users to review
`standards and practices to assure compliance with mariner regulations
`
`
`Applicant may amend the identification to clarify or limit the goods and/or services, but not to broaden
`or expand the goods and/or services beyond those in the original application or as acceptably amended.
`See 37 C.F.R. §2.71(a); TMEP §1402.06. Generally, any deleted goods and/or services may not later be
`reinserted. See TMEP §1402.07(e).
`
`For assistance with identifying and classifying goods and services in trademark applications, please see
`the USPTO’s online searchable U.S. Acceptable Identification of Goods and Services Manual. See
`TMEP §1402.04.
`
`
`Disclaimer of Descriptive Term and Geographically Descriptive Wording Required
`
`Applicant must disclaim the wording “UNITED STATES COAST GUARD” because it is merely
`descriptive and primarily geographically descriptive of applicant’s goods and/or services.
`
`The wording “COAST GUARD” merely describes an ingredient, quality, characteristic, function,
`feature, purpose, or use of applicant’s goods and/or services. See 15 U.S.C. §1052(e)(1); DuoProSS
`Meditech Corp. v. Inviro Med. Devices, Ltd., 695 F.3d 1247, 1251, 103 USPQ2d 1753, 1755 (Fed. Cir.
`2012).
`
`
`

`

`The attached evidence from Today's Military shows the wording COAST GUARD is commonly used
`in connection with similar goods and/or services to mean protective services for the coast.  Therefore,
`this wording merely describes applicant's services, verifying and monitoring mariner credentials to
`ensure public safety. 
`
`In addition, the wording “UNITED STATES” is primarily geographically descriptive of the origin of
`applicant’s goods and/or services. See 15 U.S.C. §1052(e)(2); In re Societe Generale des Eaux
`Minerales de Vittel S.A., 824 F.2d 957, 959, 3 USPQ2d 1450, 1451-52 (Fed. Cir. 1987); TMEP
`§§1210.01(a), 1210.06(a), 1213.03(a).
`
`The attached evidence from Wikipedia shows that UNITED STATES is a generally known geographic
`place or location. See TMEP §§1210.02 et seq. The goods and/or services for which applicant seeks
`registration originate in this geographic place or location as shown by applicant's address. See TMEP
`§1210.03. Because the goods and/or services originate in this place or location, a public association of
`the goods and/or services with the place is presumed. See In re Hollywood Lawyers Online, 110
`USPQ2d 1852, 1858 (TTAB 2014) (citing In re Spirits of New Merced, LLC, 85 USPQ2d 1614, 1621
`(TTAB 2007)); TMEP §§1210.02(a), 1210.04.
`
`Applicant may respond to this issue by submitting a disclaimer in the following format:
`
`
`No claim is made to the exclusive right to use “UNITED STATES COAST GUARD” apart
`from the mark as shown.
`
`
`For an overview of disclaimers and instructions on how to provide one using the Trademark Electronic
`Application System (TEAS), see the Disclaimer webpage.
`
`Response guidelines. For this application to proceed, applicant must explicitly address each refusal
`and/or requirement in this Office action. For a refusal, applicant may provide written arguments and
`evidence against the refusal, and may have other response options if specified above. For a
`requirement, applicant should set forth the changes or statements. Please see “Responding to Office
`Actions” and the informational video “Response to Office Action” for more information and tips on
`responding.
`
`Please call or email the assigned trademark examining attorney with questions about this Office action.
`Although an examining attorney cannot provide legal advice, the examining attorney can provide
`additional explanation about the refusal(s) and/or requirement(s) in this Office action. See TMEP
`§§705.02, 709.06.
`
`The USPTO does not accept emails as responses to Office actions; however, emails can be used for
`informal communications and are included in the application record. See 37 C.F.R. §§2.62(c), 2.191;
`TMEP §§304.01-.02, 709.04-.05.
`
`How to respond.   Click to file a response to this nonfinal Office action.
`
`

`

`
`
`
`/Jaime Whelan/
`Jaime Whelan
`Trademark Examining Attorney
`Law Office 301
`(571) 270-3135
`jaime.whelan@uspto.gov
`
`
`
`
`RESPONSE GUIDANCE
`
`•
`
`•
`
`•
`
`Missing the response deadline to this letter will cause the application to abandon.  The
`response must be received by the USPTO before midnight Eastern Time of the last day of the
`response period.  TEAS maintenance or unforeseen circumstances could affect an applicant’s
`ability to timely respond.
`
`Responses signed by an unauthorized party are not accepted and can cause the application to
`abandon.  If applicant does not have an attorney, the response must be signed by the individual
`applicant, all joint applicants, or someone with legal authority to bind a juristic applicant.  If
`applicant has an attorney, the response must be signed by the attorney.
`
`If needed, find contact information for the supervisor of the office or unit listed in the
`signature block.
`
`

`

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`Quick Facts:
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`Coast Guard
`The Coast Guardis a unique branchofthe Military responsible for an array of
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`rescue missions in severe conditions.
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`Learn more: Coast Guard [4
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`oe Teamwork and Diverse Perspectives in the Coast Guard
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`VIEW TRANSCRIPT
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`Teamworkand Diverse
`Perspectives in the Coast
`Guard
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`See how teamwork, camaraderie and diverse
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`Serving inthe
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`Before Serving in the Coast Guard
`To join the Coast Guard, you must be a U.S.citizen or resident alien between 18 and 31 years old (17 with
`parental consent). While GEDs are sometimes accepted, high school diplomasare preferred.All recruits take
`the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery test to determine placement. Those interested in becoming
`officers may apply to the Coast Guard Academyortalk to their local recruiter about other options.
`
`Basic Training takes place for eight weeks at the Coast Guard Training Center in Cape May, New Jersey. Daily
`fitness and swimmingdrills combined with classroom instruction prepare recruits mentally and physically for
`life in the Coast Guard.
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`SEE MOREELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS
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`Coast Guard Careers
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`The Coast Guard offers a range of career opportunitiesforall sorts of
`interests. For example, with accessto the latest technology and
`researchinitiatives, the Coast Guard can provide professional career
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`with many part-time options in the Coast Guard Reserve.
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`All Coast Guard membersreceive salaries and full health benefits, as well as opportunities for tuition
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`careertraining and strength of character,it’s easy to see why the Coast Guard can be so rewarding.
`
`FIND A COAST GUARD RECRUITER
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`a
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`Types of Military Service
`The US. Military consists of six active-duty Service branches andtheir respective Guard and Reserve
`components. Together, they offer a broadvariety of ways to serve.
`
`«
`
`a
`
`A
`
`4
`
`So A Se
`
`wiv320A A
`
`iy
`
`MARINE CORPS
`MARINE CORPSRESERVE
`
`Ta)
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`ARMY
`ARMY RESERVE
`ARMY NATIONAL GUARD
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`ee ae
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`NAVY
`NAVY RESERVE
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`4
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`,
`
`1
`AIR FORCE
`AIR FORCE RESERVE
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`a]
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`
`United States
`;
`From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`Coordinates: ( 40°N 100°W
`Severalterms redirect here. For other uses, see America (disambiguation), US (disambiguation), USA (disambiguation), The United States ofAmerica (disambiguation) and United States (disambiguation).
`The United States ofAmerica (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America,is a transcontinental country located primarily in North America.
`It consists of 50 states. a federal district, five
`major unincorporatedterritories, nine minor outlying stands, and 326 Indian reservations.It is the third-largest country by total area and fourth-largest by land area Io) The United States shares land borders with Canadatoits
`north and with Mexico to its south. It has maritime borders with the Bahamas, Cuba, Russia, and other nations.™! with a population of over 331 million,1it is the third most populous country in the world. The national capital is
`6)
`
`— raeSe
`Washington,D.C., and the mostpopulouscity and financial center is NewYorkCity.
`Paleo-aboriginals migrated from Siberia to the North American mainiandat least 12,000 years ago, and advancedcultures beganto appearlater on. These advanced cultures had almost completely declined bythe time
`__—
`Europeancolonists arrived during the 16th century. The United States emerged from the Thirteen British Colonies when disputes with the British Crownovertaxation andpolitical representationled to the American Revolution
`Flag
`et
`(1765-1784), which established the nation's independence andfounding.
`In thelate 18th century,
`the U.S. began expanding across North America, gradually obtaining newterritories, sometimesthrough war, frequently displacing
`coeOram
`Native Americans. and admitting new states. By 1848,
`the United States spanned the continentfrom eastto west. The controversy surrounding thepractice of slavery culminatedin the secession ofthe Confederate States of
`MoH
`ag
`America, which fought the remaining states of the Union during the American Civil War (1861-1865). With the Union's victory and preservation, slavery was abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment.
`Pipececal
`7
`[show]
`Othertraditional mottos:!
`
`By 1900,the United States had becomethe world's largest economy, and the Spanish-American War and World War | established the country as a world power. After Japan's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in 1944, the U.S. re
`entered World WarII on theAllied side. The aftermath of the warleft the United States and the Soviet Union as the world's two superpowers. During the Cold War, both countries engagedin a struggle for ideological dominance
`but avoideddirectmilitary conflict. They also competed in the Space Race, which culminatedin the 1969 American spaceflightthatfirst landed humansonthe Moon. Simultaneously, thecivil rights movementled to legislation
`abolishing state andlocal Jim Crow laws andother codified racial discrimination against African Americans. The Soviet Union's dissolution in 1991 endedthe Cold War, leaving the United States as the world's sole superpower. |
`The September11 attacks in 2001 resulted in the United States launching the war on terror, which included the War inAfghanistan (2001-2021) and theIraq War (2003-2011).
`TheUnited States is a federal republic with three separate branches of government,includinga bicameral legisiature.
`It is a liberal democracy and market economy;
`it ranks high in international measures of humanrights, quality
`oflife, income and wealth, economic competitiveness, and education; andit has low levels ofperceived corruption.
`It has high levels ofincarceration andinequality, allows capital punishment, andlacksuniversal health care. As a
`melting pot of cultures and ethnicities, the U.S. has been shapedby centuries ofimmigration.
`It has a highly diverse climate and geography and is officially recognized as oneofthe 17 ecologically megadiverse countries
`The United States is a highly developed country, and its economy accounts for approximately a quarterofglobal GDPand is the world’s largest by GDP at market exchangerates. By value, the United States is the world's largest
`importer and second-largest exporter. Although it accountsforjust over 4.2% ofthe world's total population, the U.S. holds over 30% ofthe total wealth in the world, the largest share held by any country. The United States is a
`founding memberof the United Nations, World Bank,International Monetary Fund, Organization ofAmerican States, NATO, and is a permanent memberofthe United Nations Security Council. The country makes up more than a
`third of globalmilitary spending andis the foremost military powerin the world and a leading political, cultural, and scientific force.
`Contents [hide]
`
`
`
`WHEEDIA
`‘The FreeEncyclopedia
`Main page
`Contents
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`Random article
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`#Edit links
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`a
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`
`
`4 Eymology
`aed
`2.1 Indigenous peoples and pre-Columbian history
`2.2 Europeansettlements
`2.3 Independence and early expansion
`2.4 Civil War and Reconstruction era
`2.5 Furtherimmigration, expansion,and industrialization
`2.6 World War I, Great Depression, and World WarIl
`2.7 Cold War and late 20th century
`3 Geography
`2.8 24st century
`5
`AA ZEMate
`3.2 Biodiversity and conservation
`mi
`4 Governmentandpolitics
`4.1 Federal government
`42 Political divisions
`,
`4.3 Foreign relations
`4.4 Military
`
`United States of America
`
`
`
`c
`
`@show globe(states and D.C. only)
`Oshow the U.S. and its territories,
`sant
`
`D.C.
`Washington,
`bla
`GQaeeaNTTOIW
`tanestcky
`i“Yokoy
`Official languages
`Noneatthe federal
`[__
`tevell)
`_National language
`English (de facto)
`Ethnic groups
`By race:(*)
`(2020)°0718)
`61.6% White
`6% Asian
`eee
`4.1% NativeAmerican
`0.2% Pacific Islander
`40.2% Multiracial
`8.4% Others
`By HispanicorLatino
`origin:
`81.3% Non-Hispanic or
`Latino
`18.7% Hispanic or
`aon
`
`
`
`

`

`
`
`
`
`4.5 Law enforcementandcrime
`5 Economy
`5.1 Income and poverty
`:
`5.2 Science,technology, and energy
`5.3 Transportation
`6 Demographics
`5 Tis Bopalabon:
`62 Language
`6.3 Religion
`Eo ancien
`65 Health
`6.6 Education
`7 Culture and society
`74 Literature and visual arts
`7.2 Cinemaand theater
`7.3 Music
`ede
`7. Food
`7.6 Sports
`8 See also
`9 Notes
`10 References
`11 Further reading
`12 Externallinks
`-
`
`Etymology
`Population
`Further information: Namesofthe United States, Namesior United Statescitizens, Naming of the Americas, Americas § Terminology, andAmerican (word)
`4 331,893,745°109)
`* 2021 estimate
`334,449.28481141 ard)
`+ 2020 census
`the name
`Thefirst known useof the name "America" dates to 1507, whenit appeared on a world mapproduced by the German cartographer Martin Waldseemiiller in Saint Dié, Lorraine (now northeastern France). On his map,
`871sq mi (33.6/km2)
`* Density
`is shown in largeletters on what would now be considered South America, honoring Amerigo Vespucci. The Italian explorer was the first to postulate that the West Indies did not representAsia's eastem limit but were part of a
`(485th)
`previously unknown landmass. 761271 in 1538,
`the Flemish cartographer Gerardus Mercator used the name "America"to referto the entire Western Hemisphere.24]
`2022 estimate
`" GDP (FPP)
`4825.03 trillion!
`* Total
`The first documentary evidence ofthe phrase "United States ofAmerica" dates from a January 2, 1776 letter written by Stephen Moylan to Joseph Reed. George Washington's aide-de-camp. Moylan expressed his wish to go
`2nd)
`
`“with full and ample powersfrom the United States of America to Spain" to seek assistance in the revolutionary wareffort °S159151] The first known publication of the phrase "United States ofAmerica” was in an anonymous essay|» Per capita 4.875,17919 cathy
`in The Virginia Gazette newspaperin Williamsburg, on April 6, 1776.27)SRRSKSomEaeEE~~~
`2022 estimate
`GDP(nominal)
`The second draft ofthe Articles ofConfederation and Perpetual Union, prepared by JohnDickinson and completed nolater than June 17, 1776, declared "The nameof this Confederation shall be the 'United States of
`* Total
`4. 825.03 trition!"®! (1st)
`
`America’."93] Thefinal version ofthe Articles, sent to thestates forratification in late 1777,stated that "TheStile ofthis Confederacy shall be ‘The United States ofAmerica’."4] in June 1776, ThomasJefferson wrote the phrase ace
`£875,179") (8th),
`“UNITED STATES OF AMERICA’in all capitalizedletters in the headlineof his "original Rough draught" ofthe Declaration of Independence 4I This draft of the documentdid not surface until June 21, 1776, and it is unclear
`Gini (2020)
`446.9078)
`whetherit was written before or after Dickinson used the term in his June 17 draft ofthe Articles of Confederation 59)
`fan
`HOI (2021)
`409211171
`
`It described a collection of states—e.g.. "the United States are..." The singular form became popularafter the end of the Civil War and is now standard usage. AThe phrase "United States" wasoriginally plural in American usage. very high-2ist
`
`In English, the word "American"rarely refers to topics or subjects not. |= a
`citizen of the United States is called an "American". "United States", "American", and "U.S."refer to the country adjectivally ("American values", "U.S. forces").
`Currency
`“US. dollar (§) (USD).
`directly connected with the United States251
`
`JTime zone UTO-4 to 12, +10, +11
`isto:eS=eeemursT|
`”
`+Summer (DST)
`UTC-4 to -1018!
`Date format
`mmiddtyyyy!")
`Hy.
`
`Main article: History of the United Statespavingma«On|fig
`LE Calling code
`Fora topical guide, see Outline ofUnited States history.
`+1
`Indigenous peoples and pre-Columbianhistory
`ISO 3166 code
`us
`Furtherinformation: NativeAmericansin the United States, Prehistory ofthe United States, and Pre-Columbian era
`It is generally acceptedthat the first inhabitants of North America migrated from Siberia by wayofthe Beringland bridge andarrived at least 12,000 years ago: however, some evidence suggests an even earlier date ofarrival 51571941
`The Clovis culture, which appeared around 11,000 BC,is believed to represent thefirst wave of humansettlementof the Americas.°9'4°! This waslikely the first of three major wavesof migration into North America:later waves.
`broughtthe ancestors of present-day Athabaskans,Aleuts, and Eskimos[1]
`
`Demonym(s)
`Government
`* President
`* Vice President
`+House Speaker
`efJustice
`
`Legistature
`* Upper house
`* Lower house
`
`3,796,742 sq miay
`(9,833,520 km?y1
`(Brd{dl)
`‘t66!21
`3,531,905 sq mi
`(9,147,590 km?} (4th)
`
`+ Water (%)
`+ Land area
`
`
`
`Religion (2021)"!
`
`63% Christianity
`—40% Protestantism
`—21% Catholicism
`—2% OtherChristian
`29% Noreligion
`6% Other
`2% Unanswered
`‘AmericantIt01
`Federalpresidential
`constitutional republic
`Joe Biden
`Kamala Harris
`Nancy Pelosi
`John Roberts
`Congress
`Senate
`House of
`Representatives
`Independencefrom GreatBritain
`July 4, 1776
`+ Declaration
`“Confederation
`March 1, 1781
`-Treaty of Pans
`September 3, 1783
`* Constitution
`June 21, 1788
`+ Last state
`August 21, 1959
`eaned
`a
`+ Total area
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`
`Cliff Palace, located in present-day ©
`Colorado, was built by theAncestral
`Puebloansbetween AD 1190 and
`1260.
`
` Mayflower ll, a replica ofthe
`
`a
`
`indigenous cultures in Norn America grew increasingly complex, and some, sucn as the pre-Columbian Mississippian Culture in the southeast, developed advanced agriculture, arcnitecture, and complex societies." Ine
`Over time,
`city-state of Cahokia is thelargest, most complex pre-Columbian archaeologicalsite in the modern-day United States.“*l in the Four Corners region, Ancestral Puebloanculture developed from centuries ofagricultural
`experimentation !“4l The Haudenasaunee, located in the southern Great Lakes region, was established at somepoint betweenthe twelfth andfifteenth centuries. “5! Most prominentalong the Atlantic coast were the Algonquiantribes,
`whopracticed hunting andtrapping, alongwith limited farming [5
`Estimating the native population of North America during European contact is difficult [*71!49 Douglas H. Ubelakerof the SmithsonianInstitution estimated a population of $3 thousandin the SouthAtlantic states and a population of 473,
`thousandin the Gulf states,but most academics regardthis figure as too low.!*7! Anthropologist Henry F. Dobyns believed the populations were much higher, suggesting around 1.1 million along the shores of the Gulf of Mexico, 2.2
`million people living between Florida and Massachusetts, 5.2 million in the Mississippi Valley andtributaries, and around 700,000 peoplein the Florida peninsula 471441
`Europeansettlements
`Furtherinformation: Colonialhistory of the United States
`Claims ofvery early colonization ofcoastal New England by the Norse are disputed and controversial. The first documented arrival of Europeansin the continental United States is that of Spanish conquistadors such as Juan Ponce de
`Leén, who madehis first expedition to Florida in 1513[tationneeded] The |talian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano,sent by Franceto the New World in 1525, encountered native inhabitants of what is now New York Bay.°l Even earlier,
`Christopher Columbushad landed in Puerto Rico on his 1493 voyage, and San Juan was setiled by the Spanish a decade later!*" The Spanishsetup thefirst settlements in Florida and New Mexico, such as Saint Augustine, often
`considered the nation'soldestcity,®2! and Santa Fe. The French establishedtheir own settlements along the Mississippi Riverand Gulf of Mexico, notably New Orleans and Mobite_#]
`Successful English settlement of the eastem coast of North America beganwith the Virginia Colony in 1607 at Jamestown andwith the Pilgrims’ colony at Plymouth in 1620,{541155] The continent's first elected legislative assembly,
`Virginia's House of Burgesses, was founded in 1619. Harvard College was established in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1636 asthefirst institution of higher education. The Mayflower Compact and the Fundamental Orders of
`Connecticutestablished precedents for representative self-governmentand constitutionalism that would develop throughouttheAmerican colonies °°] any English settlers were dissenting Christians wha came seekingreligious
`freedom.In 1784, the Russians werethe first Europeansto establish a settlementin Alaska,at Three Saints Bay." The native population ofAmerica declined after Europeanarrival for various reasons, 5218951] primarily from
`(621163)
`diseases such as smallpox and measles
`aeapet MayenneSeotal
`In many
`In the early days ofcolonization, many European settlers were subject to foad shortages. disease, and attacks from Native Americans. Native Americans were also often fighting neighboring tribes and European settlers.
`Plymouth, Massachusetts
`cases, however, the natives and settlers came to depend on eachother. Settlers traded for food and animalpelts: natives for guns,tools and other European goods.'°“! Natives taught manysettlers to cultivate com, beans, and other
`foodstuffs. European missionaries and othersfelt it was important to "civilize" the Native Americans and urged them to adopt European agricultural practices and lifestyles[551156] However, with the increased European colonization of NorthAmerica, Native Americans were
`displaced andoften killed during conflicts [7]
`Europeansettlers also began trafficking African slaves into Colonial America via thetransatlantic slave trade {58Because ofa lowerprevalence oftropical diseases andbetter treatment, slaves had a muchhigher life expectancy in North
`America than in South America,leading to a rapid increasein their numbers.'°°7"Colonial society waslargely divided overthereligious and moralimplications of slavery, and several colonies passedacts foror against the practice."17]
`However, by the tum of the 18th century,African slaves had supplanted European indentured servants as cash crop labor, especially in the American South 1731
`The Thirteen Colonies!that would becomethe United States of America were administered bythe British as overseas dependencies.“all nonetheless had local governments with elections open to mostfree men_/75! with very high birth
`rates,
`low death rates, and steady settlement, the colonial population grew rapidly, eclipsing Native American populations..”8! The Christian revivalist movementof the 1730s and 1740s known as the Great Awakening fueled interest both in
`religion andin religious liberty."
`During the Seven Years! War(1756—1763), knownin the U.S. as the French andIndian War, British forces captured Canadafrom the French. With the creationof the Province of Quebec, Canada's francophonepopulation would remain
`isolatedfrom the English-speaking colonial dependencies of Nova Scotia, Newfoundland andthe Thirteen Colonies. Excluding the Native Americanswho livedthere, the Thirteen Colonies had a population ofover 2.1 million in 1770, about a
`third that of Britain. Despite continuing new arrivals, the rate of natural increase was suchthat by the 1770s only a small minority ofAmericans had been born overseas_”*! The colonies' distancefrom Britain had allowed the development of
`self-government, but their unprecedented success motivated British monarchs to periodically seek to reassert royal authority. 123)
`Independenceand early expansion
`Main articles: History ofthe United States (1776-1789) and History of the United States (789-1849)
`Furtherinformation: Founding Fathers of the United States
`See also: American Revolution and Territorial evolution of the United States
`The American Revolution separated the Thirteen Colonies from the British Empire, and wasthe first successful war of independence by a non-European entity against a European powerin modern history. By the 18th century the
`American Enlightenmentand the political philosophiesofliberalism were pervasive among leaders. Americans began to develop an ideology of “republicanism”, asserting that governmentrested on the consentof the governed. They
`demanded their “rights as Englishmen”and “no taxation without representation"["*"" "2°44 The British insisted on administering the colonies th